Citric acid Aspergillus niger process

Citric acid - Aspergillus niger >200 g. 9-12 days, 1,000,000 t year h yield >95% Downstream processing by precipitation as calcium citrate [21,22, 25]... 

Haq, L, Ali, S., Iqbal, J. (2003). Direct production of citric acid from raw starch by Aspergillus niger. Process Biochem., 38, 921-924. 

Citric acid, which prior to 1922 was made entirely from citrus fruits and mainly in Italy, is now produced almost exclusively by the fermentation of sucrose by means of a mold, Aspergillus niger. At first pure sucrose was used for this process but more recently molasses has been used instead. Practically the whole of the world production of citric acid is used as such in medicinal preparations, in making soft drinks and in certain foods. The textile industries use small amounts, and it is also... 

Wehmet first described citric acid as a product of mold fermentation in 1893. However, it was only in 1919 that commercial fermentation processes based on sucrose were developed.34 Although many organisms have been shown to produce citric acid from carbohydrates, Aspergillus niger has been the best... 

In solid-state, or Koji, fermentation, Aspergillus niger is grown on moist wheat bran (70-80% water) and produces citric acid in 5-8 days. This process is practiced only in Japan and accounts for about one-fifth of Japanese citric acid production. In liquid surface, or shallow... 

Bizukojc, M. and Ledakowicz, S. 2004. The kinetics of simultaneous glucose and fructose uptake and product formation by Aspergillus niger in citric acid fermentation. Process Biochemistry 39 2261-2268. 

Citric acid can be produced in high productivity and high yield by fermentation of simple sugars mainly by the mycelial fungus, Aspergillus niger, although some processes use the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (Candida lipolytica or Saccharomycopsis lipolytica) with n-alkane as the substrate. 

The cultivation of selected fungi has attracted attention as a potential method for the chitin/chitosan production because the fermentation process can continue throughout the year and can be manipulated to obtain a product with specific characteristics. Fungal mycelia wastes from biotechnological plants accumulated in the mushroom production and fermentation industries such as waste mycelia of Aspergillus niger from a citric acid production plant deserve particular attention as alternative sources of chitin/chitosan materials (Cai et al. 2006, Muzzarelli et al. 2004). However, they are not produced commercially at the large scale due to the low yields obtained until now compared to the other fermentation processes and the variability in the polymer physicochemical properties. 

Lotfy WA, Ghanem KM, El-Helow ER. Citric acid production by a novel Aspergillus niger isolate II. Optimization of process parameters through statistical experimental designs. Bioresour Technol 2007 98 3470-7. 

Papagianni M, Mattey M, Kristiansen B. Hyphal vacuolation and fragmentation in batch and fed-batch culture of Aspergillus niger and its relation to citric acid production. Process Biochem 1999 35 359-66. 

Poulsen L, Dai Z, Panisko E, et al. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of the correlation between citric acid formation and manganese limitation in Aspergillus niger. Regulatory processes in Aspergillus niger 2012 43-61. 

The process used 220 m stirred tank fermenters that were usually employed for citric acid fermentation (the principal product of J. E. Sturge) with Aspergillus niger. The organism was grown on a carbo-... 

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