Circuits active sensors

Someday we will have small portable devices that sample and analyze during exposure to the workplace atmosphere. Devices small enough to be worn comfortably by an active person, devices that will give warnings in real-time when danger of hazardous exposure occurs. These devices may be in the form of integrated circuits with sensors covered with permi-selective membranes, the combination of which will lead to both sensitive and selective measurements. Ten years from now current methods and devices may be, for the most part, but a memory. 

In a more recent extracorporeal application, a PVC lithium ISE housed in an oxygenator circuit allowed measurement of cardiac output via continuous tracking of post-injection Li+ dilution in the peripheral circulation [69]. The technique has been validated for clinical use and exeplifles the inherent analytical reliability of an ISE [70]. The sensor is disposable, sterihsable and used within a flow-through cell, the active sensor surface here electrolyti-cally connected to the requisite reference electrode using a saline bridge [71]. 

Control and supervision systems should be designed with circuit monitoring and self-diagnostic testing to verify that the field sensors and devices are electrically active and connected. The system should alarm when an electrical fault is detected. 

Microelectronic circuits for communications. Controlled permeability films for drug delivery systems. Protein-specific sensors for the monitoring of biochemical processes. Catalysts for the production of fuels and chemicals. Optical coatings for window glass. Electrodes for batteries and fuel cells. Corrosion-resistant coatings for the protection of metals and ceramics. Surface active agents, or surfactants, for use in tertiary oil recovery and the production of polymers, paper, textiles, agricultural chemicals, and cement. 

In modern systems, the applied electric power is increased over time to compensate for the decreasing intensity. However, this adjustment uses the average degradation curve of a lamp as a reference, not the actual values of the lamps mounted in a particular sunbed. A radiation sensor could be used to control an active circuit that regulates the intensity of radiation. 

When dealing with an entire fire detection system that utilizes more than one type of detector, a Detonator Module greatly expands the flexibility and capability of the system. An individual Detonator Module can accept multiple inputs from UV and IR controllers, other Detonator Modules, manual alarm stations, heat sensors, smoke detectors or any contact closure device. In the event of a fire, any of these devices will cause the internal fire circuitry of the module to activate the detonator circuit, sound alarms, and identify the zone that detected the fire. When properly used, a Detonator Module will add only one millisecond to the total system response time. See Figure 8 for an illustration of a fire detection system with a Detonator Module. 

In NO loops or circuits, all of the system s sensors and switches are connected in parallel. The contacts are at rest in the open (off) position, and no current passes through the system. However, when an event triggers the sensor, the loop is closed. This allows current to flow through the loop, powering the alarm. NO systems are not supervised because the alarm will not be activated if the loop or circuit is broken or cut. However, adding an end-of-line resistor to an NO loop will cause the system to alarm if tampering is detected. 

In this scheme we have overcome the above problem by introducing organic transistor integrated circuits as a flexible active matrix to read out pressure images, or distribution of pressure. As a result, we have successfully developed large-area, flexible pressure sensors with the number of pressure sensors exceeding 1,000. As shown in Fig. 16.2, the device is manufactured by laminating four different functional films ... 

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