Circling

The following decision tree shows a logical sequence of decisions (shown in the rectangular boxes) and chance outcomes (chance events are represented by circles). At each decision point, petroleum economics is applied to determine the choice, with the criterion being to achieve a positive EMV. 

Calculations of mutual locations of poles and zeros for these TF models allow to trace dynamics of moving of the parameters (poles and zeros) under increasing loads. Their location regarding to the unit circle could be used for prediction of stability of the system (material behavior) or the process stationary state (absence of AE burst ) [7]. 

The reflection tomograms (c) show the axial hole in the Plexiglas specimen, but also a real discontinuity in the A/5i -alloy. The internal discontinuity is located 6 mm from the edge, 50° from the axial hole and its dimension is about 1-2 mm. This may be an inclusion or a porosity (void). Multiple reflections from the measurement were ignored in the calculation of the Plexiglas tomogram (left). This is seen as a bright circle. 

For single circle the following methods of reconstruction are offered ... 

Two different types of calibration marks are used in our experiments, planar circles and circular balls. The accuracy of the calibration procedure depends on the accuracy of the feature detection algorithms used to detect the calibration marks in the images. To take this in account, a special feature detection procedure based on accurate ellipses fitting has been developed. Detected calibration marks are rejected, if the feature detection procedure indicates a low reliability. 

Automobile motor part (VGInsight view) A crack is marked by tbe circle... 

The visibility level VL of special viewing tasks may be estimated from the the correlations of the quantitative visual recognition. For an adaptation luminance of 10 cd/m2 and given contrasts (C = 0.5 1.0 2.0), VL is described in Fig. 1 in dependance on the object dimension 3 in angular minutes. An object dimension of T represents a circle with a diameter of 0 12 mm in a distance of 0 4 m. 

For applications on indications it is assumed that the visibility level VL of rectangular objects (indications) is the same as for circles with the same area. The lenght 1 and width w of indications are correlated in very different manners, mainly dependant on the geometrie of the inhomogenity (crack). From some observations, the following correlation between w and 1 was introduced w (mm) = 0.05 + 0.03 1 (e g. 1=1.5 mm, w a 0.1 mm). For the same areas, the length 1 of the indication can be introduced in Fig. 1 as a second scale. 

Fig 1. (a) Phase (b) group velocity dispersion curves for aluminium. Circles show minimum dispersion points. Diamonds show excitation positions for transducer designed for X/d = 2.4 where d is the plate thickness. 

The 3D representation of the test object can be rotated by means of an ARCBALL interface. Clicking on the main client area will produce a circle which is actually the silhouette of a sphere. Dragging the mouse rotates the sphere, and the model moves aceordingly. An arc on the surface of the sphere is drawn for visual feedback of orientation additionally a set of coordinate axes in the bottom left comer provides further feedback. 

If the first plane is rotated through a full circle, the first radius of curvature will go through a minimum, and its value at this minimum is called the principal radius of curvature. The second principal radius of curvature is then that in the second plane, kept at right angles to the first. Because Fig. II-3 and Eq. II-7 are obtained by quite arbitrary orientation of the first plane, the radii R and R2 are not necessarily the principal radii of curvature. The pressure difference AP, cannot depend upon the manner in which and R2 are chosen, however, and it follows that the sum ( /R + l/f 2) is independent of how the first plane is oriented (although, of course, the second plane is always at right angles to it). 

Fig. VI-6. The force between two crossed cylinders coated with mica and carrying adsorbed bilayers of phosphatidylcholine lipids at 22°C. The solid symbols are for 1.2 mM salt while the open circles are for 10.9 roM salt. The solid curves are the DLVO theoretical calculations. The inset shows the effect of the van der Waals force at small separations the Hamaker constant is estimated from this to be 7 1 x 10 erg. In the absence of salt there is no double-layer force and the adhesive force is -1.0 mN/m. (From Ref. 66.)...

One type of dislocation is the edge dislocation, illustrated in Fig. VII-7. We imagine that the upper half of the crystal is pushed relative to the lower half, and the sequence shown is that of successive positions of the dislocation. An extra plane, marked as full circles, moves through the crystal until it emerges at the left. The process is much like moving a rug by pushing a crease in it. 

Fig. VIII-8. Surface structures (a) (1 x 1) structure on the (100) surface of a FCC crystal (from Ref. 76) (b) C(2 x 1) surface structure on the (100) surface of a FCC ciystal (from Ref. 76). In both cases the unit cell is indicated with heavy lines, and the atoms in the second layer with pluses. In (b) the shaded circles mark shifted atoms. (See also Ref. 77.)...

Fig. X-12. Advancing and receding contact angles of various liquids [water (circles), Gly = glycerol (squares), Form = formamide (diamonds), EG = ethylene glycol (circles), BN = abromonapthalene (squares), BCH = bicyclohexyl (diamond), HD = hexadecane (circles)] on monolayers of HS(CH2)i60R having a range of R groups adsorbed on gold and silver (open and filled symbols respectively). (From Ref. 171.)...

Show what the maximum possible value of is for the case of a two-dimensional emulsion consisting of uniform, rigid circles (or, alternatively, of a stacking of right circular cylinders). 

Fig. XV-16. A schematic drawing of the arrangement of polyglutamates having alkyl side chains in an LB film. The circles represent the rodlike polyglutamate backbone oriented perpendicular to the page the wiggly lines are the alkyl sidechains. (From Ref. 182.)...

Fig. XVII-27. Nitrogen adsorption at 77 K for a series of M41S materials. Average pore diameters squares, 25 A triangles, 40 A circles, 45 A. Adsorption solid symbols desorption open symbols. The isotherms are normalized to the volume adsorbed at Pj = 0.9. (From Ref. 187. Reprinted with kind permission from Elsevier Science-NL, Sara Burgerhartstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.)...

Figure Al.3.1. Atomic and electronic coordinates. The electrons are illustrated by filled circles the nuclei by open circles.

If we represent the /bond by a line with two open circles to denote the coordinates of the particle 1 and 2, then the first two virial coefficients can be depicted graphically as... 

In the graphical representation of the integral shown above, a line represents the Mayer function f r.p between two particles and j. The coordinates are represented by open circles that are labelled, unless it is integrated over the volume of the system, when the circle representing it is blackened and the label erased. The black circle in the above graph represents an integration over the coordinates of particle 3, and is not labelled. The coefficient of is the sum of tln-ee tenns represented graphically as... 

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