Cinnoline reactions

When cinnoline 1-oxide is treated with nitric and sulfuric acids or potassium nitrate in sulfuric acid, 4-nitrocinnoline 1-oxide is obtained in yields ranging from 3-64% depending on the reaction conditions. With a mixture of fuming nitric and sulfuric acids, the corresponding 4-nitro-, 4,5-dinitro- and a small amount of the 5-nitro-cinnoline derivatives are obtained. 

The reaction of cinnoline 2-oxide with phenylmagnesium bromide gives phenanthrene, trans- and cfs-stilbene, 2,3-diphenyl-l,2-dihydrocinnoline and 2-styrylazobenzene in yields of 1-15%. Analogous results are also obtained from 4-methylcinnoline 2-oxide. 

Since the pyridazine ring is generally more stable to oxidation than a benzene ring, oxidation of alkyl and aryl substituted cinnolines and phthalazines can be used for the preparation of pyridazinedicarboxylic acids. For example, oxidation of 4-phenylcinnoline with potassium permanganate yields 5-phenylpyridazine-3,4-dicarboxylic acid, while alkyl substituted phthalazines give pyridazine-4,5-dicarboxylic acids under essentially the same reaction conditions. 

There are some recent examples of this type of synthesis of pyridazines, but this approach is more valuable for cinnolines. Alkyl and aryl ketazines can be transformed with lithium diisopropylamide into their dianions, which rearrange to tetrahydropyridazines, pyrroles or pyrazoles, depending on the nature of the ketazlne. It is postulated that the reaction course is mainly dependent on the electron density on the carbon termini bearing anionic charges (Scheme 65) (78JOC3370). 

A large number of pyridazines are synthetically available from [44-2] cycloaddition reactions. In one general method, azo or diazo compounds are used as dienophiles, and a second approach is based on the reaction between 1,2,4,5-tetrazines and various unsaturated compounds. The most useful azo dienophile is a dialkyl azodicarboxylate which reacts with appropriate dienes to give reduced pyridazines and cinnolines (Scheme 89). With highly substituted dienes the normal cycloaddition reaction is prevented, and, if the ethylenic group in styrenes is substituted with aryl groups, indoles are formed preferentially. The cycloadduct with 2,3-pentadienal acetal is a tetrahydropyridazine derivative which has been used for the preparation of 2,5-diamino-2,5-dideoxyribose (80LA1307). 

In a similar manner to the formation of pyridazines from AT-aminopyrroles, cinnolines or phthalazines are obtainable from the corresponding 1-aminooxindoles or 2-amino-phthalimides. If the relatively inaccessible 1-aminooxindoles are treated with lead tetraacetate, mercuric acetate, r-butyl hypochlorite (69JCS(C)772) or other agents, cinnolones are formed as shown in Scheme 105. The reaction was postulated to proceed via an intermediate... 

Reactions involving quinoline hydrazide derivatives have been noted in the pyridazino-[4,3-c]- (64MI21500), -[4,5-f ]- (31M(58)238) and -[4,5-c]-quinoline (71CB3341) series, whilst the double cyclization of (358) to the pyridazino[4,5-f ]quinoline (359) (80CPB3457) and related cyclizations in the same series (80H(14)267) are of a basically similar type. A lone cyclization of this type from cinnoline intermediates involves the o-acetonylcarboxamide type formation of the pyridine ring to give the pyrido[3,4-c]cinnoline (360) (76JCS(Pl)592). 

Pyrrolo[2,1 -c][l, 4]benzodiazepines synthesis, 7, 614 Pyrrolo[l, 6]benzodiazocines synthesis, 7, 515 Pyrrolo[3,4-c]benzopyrazoles reactions, 6, 1034 Pyrrolobenzothiazoles synthesis, 4, 785 Pyrrolo[l, 2-c]benzotriazines synthesis, 4, 240 Pyrrolo[3,4-c]cinnolines synthesis, 4, 240... 

The von Richter cinnoline process was further extended to solid-phase synthesis. The route began from benzylaminomethyl polystyrene and the required diverse o-haloaryl resins represented by 21 were prepared from substituted o-haloanilines. A Pd-mediated cross-coupling reaction with 21 and the alkynes provided the alkynylaryl derivatives represented by alkyne 22. The von Richter cyclization reaction with hydrobromic or hydrochloric acid in acetone/HaO and cleavage from the resin occurred in the same step to furnish the cinnoline derivatives 23 in 47-95% yield and 60-90% purity (no yield reported for each entry). 

The rate of amination and of alkoxylation increases 1.5-3-fold for a 10° rise in the temperature of reaction for naphthalenes (Table X, lines 1, 2, 7 and 8), quinolines, isoquinolines, l-halo-2-nitro-naphthalenes, and diazanaphthalenes. The relation of reactivity can vary or be reversed, depending on the temperature at which rates are mathematically or experimentally compared (cf. naphthalene discussion above and Section III,A, 1). For example, the rate ratio of piperidination of 4-chloroquinazoline to that of 1-chloroisoquino-line varies 100-fold over a relatively small temperature range 10 at 20°, and 10 at 100°. The ratio of rates of ethoxylation of 2-chloro-pyridine and 3-chloroisoquinoline is 9 at 140° and 180 at 20°. Comparison of 2-chloro-with 4-chloro-quinoline gives a ratio of 2.1 at 90° and 0.97 at 20° the ratio for 4-chloro-quinoline and -cinnoline is 3200 at 60° and 7300 at 20° and piperidination of 2-chloroquinoline vs. 1-chloroisoquinoline has a rate ratio of 1.0 at 110° and 1.7 at 20°. The change in the rate ratio with temperature will depend on the difference in the heats of activation of the two reactions (Section III,A,1). 

Moderate yields of the 1- (47%) and 4- (51%) fluoro derivatives of benzo[c]cinnoline were obtained by fluorodenitration of the nitro precursors using tetrabutylammonium fluoride. The 2- and 3-fluoro isomers have been made by Schiemann reactions, though yields were only 25 and 35%, respectively (92SC545). 

The reaction conditions of this modified indazole synthesis can also be applied to the preparation of 1,2-diazanaphthalenes, the so-called cinnolines, although in such syntheses no deprotonation prior to cyclization is likely to occur. Ruchardt and Hassmann (1980) obtained 4-phenylcinnoline (6.85) in 53% yield from 2-(a-methyl-ene-benzyl)aniline (Scheme 6-53). 

Chlorosulfo-de-diazoniation 241 CIDNP, see Dediazoniations Cinnamic acid derivatives, reaction with ArNj 243 Cinnolines 140 f. 

The reaction of a-oxophenylhydrazones with 2-amino-1,1,3-tricyanopropene and diethyl 1-cyano-2-aminopropene-l,3-dicarboxylate has been shown to afford polyfunctionally substituted pyridazines and cinnolines <96JCR(S)434>. A study of haloazodienes has led to a new, general... 

Benzo[r]bcnzo[3,4]cinnolino[l,2- ]cinnoline 61 and a series of 5,6-dihydrobenzo[c]cinnoline derivatives, including compounds 62, were studied by cyclic voltammetry. The unusual shape of the voltammograms of the investigated compounds can be explained by an EiE-DISP mechanism with a slow disproportionation reaction <1996JA5020>. 

The diazines pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and their benzo derivatives cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, and phenazine once again played a central role in many investigations. Progress was made on the syntheses and reactions of these heterocycles, and their use as intermediates toward broader goals. Some studies relied on solid-phase, microwave irradiation, or metal-assisted synthetic approaches, while others focused attention more on the X-ray, computational, spectroscopic, and natural product and other biological aspects of these heterocycles. Reports with a common flavor have been grouped together whenever possible. 

Catalytic reduction of ll-mercaptopyrido[l,2-6]cinnolin-6-ium hydroxide inner salt (41) over Raney Ni yielded 2-(2-aminobenzyl)pyridine (74JHC125). When a 36-h reaction period was applied in the hydrolysis of 42, 1-benzylisoquinoline was obtained (83JOC1084). 

Nitration of pyrido[l,2-f>]cinnolin-6-ium hydroxide inner salt 17 (R = H) and its 2-acetamide derivative afforded its 2-nitro and 2-acetamido-3-nitro derivatives, respectively. The reaction of 17 (R = H) with iodine monochloride afforded the 2-iodo derivative. The 2-cyano derivative was obtained from the 2-bromo derivative of 17 (R = H) with Cu(I)CN. Treatment of 17 (R = H) with P4S10 afforded the 11-mercapto derivative 41 (74JHC125). 

Dimethyl 3-(2-pyridyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoline-2,3-dicarboxylate was obtained from pyrido[l,2-h]cinnolin-6-ium hydroxide inner salt 17 (R = H) by reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (75JOC2201). 

Diazine A -oxides can be regioselectively formed with H2O2 in formic acid as exemplified by the reaction of 2-chlorobenzo[/]cinnolines, 2-chloro-5,6-dihydrobenzo[/]cinnolines, and 3-chloro-9//-indeno[2,l-f]pyridazines <2000AP341>. This area was extensively discussed in CHEC(1984) <1984CHEC(2)1>. 

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