Chrysophanol

Anthraquinone glycosides and their aglycones [2, 4-8] e.g. chrysophanol, emodin, aloe emodin, rhein [9-12] physcione [9, 11, 12], alizarin [10]... 

KIM D H, PARK E K, BAE E A, HAN M J (2000) Metabolism of rhaponticin and chrysophanol 8-o-beta-D-glucopyranoside from the rhizome of rheum undulatum by human intestinal bacteria and their anti-allergic actions. Biol Pharm Bull. 23 830-33. 

EMODIN. CHRYSOPHANOL AND PHYSCION IN VEGETABLES. HERBS AND HERBAL FLAVOURED LIQUORS (K1 - Kll). ANALYSED BY RP-HPLC AND GC-MS. DATA ARE GIVEN AS RANGE. IN MG/KG (N>3) AND WERE NOT CORRECTED FOR RECOVERY... 

S.O. Mueller, M. Schmitt, W. Decant, FI. Stopper, J. Schlatter, P. Schleier and W.K. Lutz, Occurrence of emodin, chrysophanol and physcion in vegetables, herbs and liquors. Genotoxicity and anti-genotoxicity of the anthraquinones and of the whole plants. Food Chem. Toxicol. 37 (1999) 481 -91. 

Trichoderma harzianum biotypes 2 und 4 chrysophanol, koninginin A, trichorzianines A B RAPD marker PCR 444 Th-F Th-R CGGTGACATCTGAAAAGTCGTG TGTCACCCGTTCGGATCATCCG Chen et al., 1999... 

Cassia nomame (Sieb.) Honda C. obtusifolia L. C. tora L. Jue Ming Zi (Sicklepod) (seed) Anthraquinones such as emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, rhein aurantio-obtusin, obtusifolin, chryso-obtusin, naphthopyrones, obtusin, aurantio-obtusin rubrofusarin, nor-rubrofusarin, toralacton.33 Purgative, treat ophthalmia, hypercholesterolemia, vaginitis. 

Rhamnus davurica Pall. R. davurica Pall. var. nipponica Makino R. parvifolia Bunge. Shu Li (Buckthorn) (fruit, root, stem bark) Emodin, chrysophanol, kaempferol, rhamnodiastase, aloe-emodin.48,308 This herb is slightly toxic. Insecticidal, treat respiratory infection, cough, improve bowel movement. 

Rheum officinale Baill. R. koreanum Nakai R. palmatum L. R. tanguticum Maxim R. undulatum L. Tai Huang (Rhubarb) (rhizome) Anthraquinones, chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, aloe-emodin, rhein, chrysophenol, rheum tannic acid, gallic acid, calechin, bianthraquinonyl, sennosides (R. undulatum also contains rhaponticin).1 33 236,510 This herb may be toxic. Potent laxative, antibacterial, anthelmintic, anticancer, stimulate the large intestine and increase the movement of luminal contents toward the anus, resulting in defecation. Antispasmodic, choleretic, hemostatic, diuretic, lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol level. 

Rumex patientia L. var. callosus Fr. Schm. Tu Tai Huang (root) Chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, sloeemodin, anthranol, emodin-monomethylether.33 Hemostatic, treat thrombopenia and uterus. 

Rumex acetosella L. R. aquaticus L. China Vitexin, quercetin-3-galactoside, violaxanthin, vitamin C, emodin, chrysophanein, chrysophanol, nepodin, hyperin, physcion.48-50 Homeopathically for cramps, hemorrhage, sore throat, esophagitis, diuretic, treat blood vomiting. 

N.A. Oxalates, anthraquinone (chrysophanol, emodin, physcion), phenol, physcion, tannic acid.100 102 118 Antiseptic, laxative, rheumatic pains. 

N.A. Anthraquinones, nepodin, emodin, chrysophanol, tannins, oxalates, volatile oil.99 Mild laxative, stimulates bile flow, as a cleansing. 

One hydroxyl is missing, and a new hydroxyl has been incorporated adjacent to the methyl. Without any evidence for the sequence of such reactions, the structure of intermediate 2 shows the result of three aldol condensations and reduction of a carbonyl. A dehydration reaction, two oxidations, and a decarboxylation are necessary to attain the islandicin structure. In chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, and rhein, the same oxygen function is lost by reduction as in islandicin, and decarboxylation also occurs. The three compounds... 

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