Chronic mild stress

Chronic isolation housing Chronic mild stress... 

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Papp M, Moryl E (1994) Antidepressant activity of non-competitive and competitive NMDA receptor antagonists in a chronic mild stress model of depression. Em J Pharmacol 263 1-7... 

Papp LA, Klein DF, Gorman JM Carbon dioxide hypersensitivity, hyperventilation, and panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 150 1149-1157, 1993 Papp M, Klimek V, Willner P Parallel changes in dopamine D2 receptor binding in limbic forebrain associated with chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia and its reversal by imipramine. Psychopharmacology 115 441-446, 1994 Parasuraman R, Haxby JV Attention and brain function in Alzheimer s disease. Neuropsychology 7 242-272, 1993... 

Willner P, Muscat R, Papp M Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia a realistic animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16 525-534, 1992... 

Papp, M.. Vassout, A., Gentseh, C. The NK-1 receptor antagonist NKP608 has an antidepressant-like effect in the chronic mild stress model of depression in rats. Behav. Brant Res. 115, 19-23, 2000. 

Sanchez, C., Papp, M. The selective sigma ligand Lu 28-179 has an antidepressant-like profile in the rat chronic mild stress model of depression. Behav. PharmacoL 11,117-124, 2000. 

Chronic mild stress (CMS) presents mice with an unpredictable barrage of stressors to induce (rather than simply measure) a depressed state. CMS reduces sucrose or saccharin intake in mice, a symptom of anhedonia (see above). CMS may also be responsible for decreases in sexual and aggressive... 

Willner, P. (1997) Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression a 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 134, 319-329. 

Jayatissa, M. N., Bisgaard, C. F., West, M. J. and Wiborg, O. (2008) The number of granule cells in rat hippocampus is reduced after chronic mild stress and re-established after... 

Yalcin, I., Aksu, F. and Belzung, C. (2005) Effects of desipramine and tramadol in a chronic mild stress model in mice are altered by yohimbine but not by pindolol. Eur J Pharmacol 514, 165-174. 

Willner, P., Moreau, J. L., Nielsen, C. K., Papp, M. and Sluzewska, A. (1996) Decreased hedonic responsiveness following chronic mild stress is not secondary to loss of body weight. Physiol Rehav 60, 129-134. 

Pothion, S., Bizot, J. C., Trovero, K and Belzung, C. (2004) Strain differences in sucrose preference and in the consequences of unpredictable chronic mild stress. Rehav Brain Res 155, 135-146. 

Mineur, Y. S., Prasol, D. J., Belzung, C. and Crusio, W. E. (2003) Agonistic behavior and unpredictable chronic mild stress in mice. Behav Genet 33, 513-519. 

Di Chiara G, Loddo P, Tanda G (1999) Reciprocal changes in prefrontal and limbic dopamine responsiveness to aversive and rewarding stimuli after chronic mild stress implicatios for the psychobiology of depression. Biol Psychiatry 46 624—633. 

Several animal models of depressive disorders have been studied, and space does not permit detailed review of these findings. Animal models of depression have fallen into three general categories Stress induced, ethologically relevant, and genetic (Machado-Vieira et al., 2004). Of the stress-indnced models, learned helplessness, chronic mild stress, and forced swim (behavioral despair) are best characterized (Willner and Mitchell, 2002). 

WiUner P (2005) Chronic mild stress (CMS) revisited Consistency and behavioral-neurobiological concordance in the effects of CMS. Neuropsychobiology 52 90-110. 

Methods to Study the Behavioral Effects and Expression of CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor and Its Gene Transcripts in the Chronic Mild Stress Model of Depression... 

Key Words Antisense ohgonucleotide chronic mild stress neuroinflammation neuro-immunocannabinoid depression CB2 cannabinoid receptor immunoblots. 

Fig. 4. C57B1/6 mice were subjected to acute and chronic mild stress and assessed for anhedonia (CMS animals) by weekly sucrose consmnption. Mice were sacri eed at the end of wk 4 or following acute stress, and the brains were quickly dissected to extract RNA for CB2 cannabinoid receptor gene expression by real-time PCR system using the gene-speci c probe and primers (T aqMan real-time PCR system, ABl 7900). CB2 gene expression was detected in the acute and chronic mild stress mice in the striatum (str), midbrain (mid), and the hippocampus (hip).

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