Chromium speciation chromatography

On-line anion exchange LC/ICP-MS methods for selenium and chromium speciation have been published [30], In studies of selenium speciation in environmental samples LC/ICP-MS and LC/ ESI-MS methods have been used for the determination of both inorganic and organic selenium species [43]. For the determination of methyl selenide, strong anion exchange and RP chromatography have been employed [43], while for the determination of seleno-aminoacids, IP RP chromatography with on-line detection based on ICP-MS has been successfully employed [44],... 

Chromium speciation by using anion-exchange chromatography has also received much attention in recent years because the element is both essential to humans and toxic in large doses [62-66]. Cr (III) and Cr (VI) may be separated by... 

Chromium speciation by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with both inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A712 311-320. 

P. Sullivan and D. Wiederin. Chromium Speciation in Drinking Water Using Low Pressure Liquid Chromatography, ESI Apphcation Note, 2010, http //www.icpms.com/ pdf/TN06-Chromium-Speciation-chromFAST-System.pdf. 

Byrdy, F. A., Olson, L. K., Vela, N. R, and Caruso, J. A. (1995) Chromium speciation by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography by both inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopic and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr. A, 712, 311-20. 

S6by, F, Charles, S., Gagean, M., Garraud, H., and Donard, O. F. X. (2003) Chromium speciation by hyphenation of high performance liquid chromatography to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry study of the influence of interfering ions. J. Anal At. Chem., 18,1386-90. 

Barnowski, C., Jakubowski, N., Stuewer, D. and Broekaert, J.A.C. (1997) Speciation of chromium by direct coupling of ion exchange chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, 1155-1161. 

SFC has received attention as an alternative separation technique to liquid and gas chromatography. The coupling of SFC to plasma detectors has been studied because plasma source spectrometry meets a number of requirements for suitable detection. There have been two main approaches in designing interfaces. The first is the use of a restrictor tube in a heated cross-flow nebuliser. This was designed for packed columns. For a capillary system, a restrictor was introduced into the central channel of the ICP torch. The restrictor was heated to overcome the eluent freezing upon decompression as it left the restrictor. The interface and transfer lines were also heated to maintain supercritical conditions. Several speciation applications have been reported in which SFC-ICP-MS was used. These include alkyl tin compounds (Oudsema and Poole, 1992), chromium (Carey et al., 1994), lead and mercury (Carey et al., 1992), and arsenic (Kumar et al., 1995). Detection limits for trimethylarsine, triphenylarsine and triphenyl arsenic oxide were in the range of 0.4-5 pg. 

Pantsar-Kallio, M. and P.K.G. Manninen. 1996. Speciation of chromium in waste waters by coupled column ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 750 ... 

Chromium is used in a number of industrial processes and, as noted, has toxicity that is highly dependent on its speciation. The combination of ion chromatography and ICP-MS detection has been used to measure Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in waste water [412]. Ion-pairing HPLC-ICP-MS was used to measure chromium species in seawater [413], Speciation of chromium dyes was also reported by HPLC-ICP-MS [414]. 

Speciation of Cr as part of biomolecules consists in applying well known biochemical procedures, such as gel permeation chromatography, anion - cation chromatography, affinity chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, ultrafiltration, to be followed on the one hand by the determination of the exact amount of a specific protein and on the other hand by the quantitative determination of the chromium present in the fractions (Cornells, 1990). This is not an easy task. All the commercially available buffers are unfortunately loaded with Cr. The separation medium (e.g. the gel) may be another possible source of error. The contaminating Cr atoms are liable to form fortuitous bindings with the proteins which possess many free ligands. 

Lafleur, J.P., Salin, E.D. (2008) Speciation of chromium by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with direct determination by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Ana/yhca/ Chemistry, 80, 6821-6823. 

Andrle C. M., Jakubowski N. and Broekaert j. a. C. (1997) Speciation of chromium using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to different spectrometric detection methods, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 52 189-200. 

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