Chromium lignosulfonates

Chromium lignosulfonates are the biggest contributions to heavy metals in drilling fluids. Although studies have shown minimal environmental impact, substitutes exist that can result in lower chromium levels in muds. The less used chromium lignites (trivalent chromium complexes) are similar in character and performance with less chromium. Nonchromium substitutes are effective in many situations. Typical total chromium levels in muds are 100-1000 mg/1. 

Laboratory experiments have been conducted with a chromium lignite-chromium lignosulfonate mud system both without and with solid lubricants. These studies include filtration loss, cake quality, and their impact on the formation. A comparative evaluation has led to the conclusion that Gilsonite is a better additive compared with sulfonated asphalt as it results in less filtration... 

Kiilunen M, Kivisto H, Ala-Laurila P, et al. 1983. Exceptional pharmacokinetics of trivalent chromium during occupational exposure to chromium lignosulfonate dust. Scand J Work Environ Health 9 265-271. 

Chrome leather black E. See Direct black 38 Chrome leather blue 2B. See Direct blue 6 Chrome leather brow M. See Direct brown 2 Chrome leather dark green. See Direct green 1 Chrome leather pure blue. See Direct blue 15 Chrome leather red 4B. See Direct red 2 Chrome leather scarlet 3BS. See Direct red 39 Chrome leather yellow A. See Direct yellow 11 Chrome lemon. See Lead chromate Chrome lignosulfonate Synonyms Chromium lignosulfonate Properties Brn. powd. sol. in water forming an acidic sol n. dens. 0.73 kg/l Uses Dispersant, conditioner for water-based... 

Ferrocholinate. See Ferric choline citrate Ferro-chromium lignosulfonate CAS 8075-74-9... 

Peltex. See Ferro-chromium lignosulfonate Pemulen TR-1, Pemulen TR-2. See Acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer Penacolite B-18-S, Penacolite B-19-S, Penacolite R-2170, Penacolite R-2200. See Resorcinol-formaldehyde resin PenBind 100. See Potato (Solanum tuberosum) starch... 

Disodium caproamphodipropionate Ditridecyl sodium sulfosuccinate Dodoxynol 2-Ethylhexyl methacrylate Ferro-chromium lignosulfonate... 

Dodoxynol-11 Dodoxynol-14 Erucic acid Ethylamine Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride Ethyl morpholine Ferro-chromium lignosulfonate Glycereth-7 benzoate Glyceryl dioleate Glyceryl ricinoleate 2-Hexyl decanoic acid Hydrogenated menhaden oil Hydrogenated peanut oil Hydrogenated soybean oil... 

Uses Wetting agent for paints, metallurgy, and vehicle cleaners ManufJDistrib. Chemos GmbH Trade Names Miramine ODO FC 113. See Trichlorotrifluoroethane FEP FEP resin. See Fluorinated ethylene/propylene Ferro-chromium lignosulfonate CAS 8075-74-9... 

Emulsifier K 30/68 Ferro-chromium lignosulfonate Geropon T 22A Hostapon TPHC... 

Aluminum citrate Chromium sulfate Ferrochromo-lignosulfonate Manganese nitrate Potassium hichromate Sodium bichromate Ferric acetylacetonate Ammonium ferric oxalate... 

Stabilizing agents are used to maintain drilling fluid rheological properties at highly elevated downhole temperatures. Chromium and chromium-free lignosulfonates, polyglycol ethers, sodium polystyrene sulfonate-co-maleic anhydride), and a melanin polymer have been used in this application. Additives such as sodium diethyldi-thiocarbamate have been used to stabilize aqueous polysaccharides such as xanthan gum (18). 

An example of some of the newer regulations is the restriction against the use of the popular mud dispersant, chrome lignosulfonate. It is expected that this regulation is merely the initial step toward ruling out the use of all heavy metal salts commonly employed in the formulation of well fluids because of their toxicity to aquatic life and humans. This means that the use of zinc and lead, in addition to chromium, may not be allowed in the future. At least one major oil company has already taken steps in this direction by ruling out the use of heavy metal salts in any well fluid in their worldwide operations. 

The application of lignosulfonate-chromium derivatives in oil well drilling mud has already been mentioned as a typical example of the above effects in combination with crosslinking. The use of lignosulfonates as active extenders in concretes is a further example of the applicability of the above effects (61). Another is the use of lignins as extenders for asphalt cement (70). 

Drilling fluid additives Many of the additives used in the past for drilling fluids have contained potential contaminants of concern, such as chromium in lignosulfonates. Also, barite weighting agents may contain concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium or mercury. The use of such additives has diminished. However, it is important to select additives that are less toxic and... 

Ammonium lignosulfonate Barium cyanide Bismuth Boric acid Calcium sulfate Chromium hydroxide (ic) Chromium oxide (ic) Ferric oxide Ferrous ammonium sulfate Ferrous chloride... 

Synonyms Chromium iron lignosulfonate Ionic Nature Anionic... 

To avoid nasty flocculation, deflocculants are frequently applied. The chromium salt or the iron-chromium salt of - lignosulfonate are used. Lig-nosulfonate has also the ability to reduce fluid loss, like the a.m. polymers. They are therefore frequently used in combinations. 

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