Chromic textiles

Chromic textiles responsive to other stimuli such as liquid or gas, electricity, pressure and electron beams have also been invented. These kinds of smart textiles have not been widely used in practice due to the application... 

Sodium dichromate and various chromic salts are employed in the textile industry (195,196). The former is used as an oxidant and as a source of chromium, for example, to dye wool and synthetics with mordant acid dyes, oxidi2e vat dyes and indigosol dyes on wool, aftertreat direct dyes and sulfur dyes on cotton to improve washfastness, and oxidi2e dyed wool. Premera11i2ed dyes are also employed. These are hydroxya2o or a2omethine dyes in which chromium or other metals are combined in the dye (see Azine dyes DYES Azo dyes). 

Normally ferric chloride is a strong oxidative agent for cellulosic textiles (150) however, a photoprotective effect was observed with wood treated with ferric chloride solution similar to those treated with chromic acid. Similar photoprotective effects of ferric chloride were observed with thermomechanical pulp fibers (151). 

Acetic acid, chromium(3-f) salt CAC 10 Chromic acetate Chromio(lll) acetate Chromium acetate Chromium acetate (Cr(AoO)3) Chromium triacetate Chromium(lll) acetate EINECS 213-9094 HSDB 985. Used as a textile mordant, tanning, polymerization and oxidation catalyst, emulsion hardener. [Hydrate] gray-green powder slightly soluble in H2O MLD (frg iv) = 6185 mg/kg, (mus iv) = 2290 mg/kg, (rbt iv) = 1604 mg/kg. Alcoa Ind. Chem. Noah Chem. Spectrum Chem. Manufacturing. 

Aitken, D., Burkinshaw, J., Griffiths, J., Towns, A.D., 1996a. Textile applications of thermo-chromic systems. Review and Progress Coloration 1996 (26), 1—8. 

The first steps towards smart behaviour started off with the advent of Chromic Materials where textile fil es and fabrics were shown to display chairges in colour when subjected to differoit stimuli i.e. light, heat, electricity, pressure and liquids. Given their rather narrow spectrum of functionality, they initially attracted the fashion, design and the sport industries. However, currently much research is in progress trying to develop them into precision indicators and reactive technical devices that could be utilised in a wide range of medical and technical applications ... 

R. M. Christie, Chromic materials for technical textile applications, in Advances in the Dyeing and Finishing of Technical Textiles, ed. by M. L. Gulrajani, Woodhead Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2013. 

Talvenmaa P. Introduction to chromic materials. In Intelligent textiles and clothing. Woodhead Puhhshing 2006. 

Beaupre S, Dumas J, Leclerc M. Toward the development of new textile/plastic electro-chromic cells using triphenylaniine-hased copolymers. Chem Mater 2006 18(17) 4011—8. 

Chromium (VI) sulfate is used in the tamiing of leather. Chromic acid is used for the treatment of timber to produce copper chrome arsenic salts (CCAs). Potassium dichromate is used in the textile industry as a mordant... 

Luminescence differs from chromic effect in that luminescence is not a colour change but emits light. Opticoluminescence is a typical effect encountered in optical fibres. Opticoluminescent fibres have been widely used in textiles for the function of accurately monitoring body and environmental conditions. Recently photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) have been introduced. The cross-section of the PCF contains either periodically arranged micron-scale air voids or a periodic sequence of micron-scale layers of different materials. " PCFs can appear coloured due to optical interference effects in the microstructured regions. 

STERNCHEM Polyester Mortar is formulated to provide superior service for acid brick constructions in the chemical process, pulp and paper, plating, textile, fertilizer, and metal refining industries. They are especially suited for chlorine dioxide towers, bleaching vats, trenches, sumps, pits, bleaching solutions of sodium hypochlorite, oxidizing solutions of nitric and chromic acids to 20% concentrations, hydrobromic acid, potassium and sodium dichromates, bromine water, salt solutions to pH 11. 

Smart textiles is a new aspect in textile that is a multidiscipline field of research in many sciences and technologies such as textile, physics, chemistry, medicine, electronics, polymers, biotechnology, telecommunications, information technology, microelectronics, wearable computers, nanotechnology and micro-electromechanical machines. Shape memory materials (SMMs), conductive materials, phase change materials (PCMs), chromic materials, photonic fibers, mechanical responsive materials, intelligent coating/membranes, micro and nanomaterials and piezoelectric materials are applied in smart textiles [34]. 

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