Chlorpyrifos residue levels

A United States study examined the aggregate exposures of preschool children to chlorpyrifos and its degradation product, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) (Morgan et al., 2005). Samples that were collected included duplicate diet, indoor and outdoor air, urine, solid and liquid food, indoor floor dust, play area soil, transferable residues, and surface wipes (hand, food preparation, and hard floor). Generally, levels of chlorpyrifos were higher than levels of TCP in all media, except for solid food samples. For these samples, the median TCP concentrations were 12 and 29 times higher than the chlorpyrifos concentrations at homes and day-care centres,... 

Reports of other pesticide residues are less frequent. Propanil was present in 42% of the soil samples analyzed as well as ethyl parathion in 29%, methyl parathion in 17% and chlorpyrifos in 45% of the samples [14]. The concentrations of all three individual compounds were low (0.5-14 pg-kg ). Residues of 2,4-D were found only in a few samples but MCPB was present in the 60% of the sanq les, the levels of these two compounds varied between < 0.01 to 0.12 mg kg". In El Salvador, where paraquat is extensively used, different regions of the country were monitored. Residues in Sonsonate soil samples averaged 7.14 mg-kg, while in Ahuachapan, one sample contained as much as 16.47 mg-kg" paraquat [15]. Tatui soils from Sao Paulo State, Brazil, contained triflu-raline residues of 1.2 mg-kg" six weeks after application also methyl parathion residues up to 2 mg-kg" [16]. Reports on residues of newer pesticides in soil are rare. 

Using the informahon from Table III, if the peshcide chlorpyrifos is appHed to apples according to good agricultural practices in Chile and the residues at harvest are less than the Codex MRL of 1 mg/kg, then the apples would be acceptable for the domestic market and for the markets in Japan and the US, where the MRLs are at the same level or higher. However, the same apples would not be accepted in Europe, nor would they be accepted by the retailers in the UK since their respective MRLs would be exceeded. 

Finally, even if most of the pesticides worldwide are used in fruit and vegetable crops, data on pesticide residues in animal products are also essential, taking into account that livestock can be easily exposed to pesticides directly or through residues in their feed. For instance, the 2009 European Union Report revealed the presence of 34 different pesticides in animal products [115]. Garcfa de Llasera et al. [128] revealed the presence of chlofenvinphos and chlorpyrifos in liver samples, whereas a-endosnlfan, endosulfan sulfate, and dichloran have been reported in pork and lamb samples (<10 pg/kg) [129]. Bolafios et al. [130] studied the occurrence of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in chicken eggs. Benzene hexachloride and 28 polychlorinated biphenyl were detected in only one of the 30 samples at concentrations of 15 and 10 ng/g, respectively. However, five samples also contained traces of OC and PCB residues, even if at concentration levels below the limit of quantification. Einally, a-endosulfan and P-endosulfan were found in commercial milk-based infant formulas at concentration levels from 1.18 to 5.03 pg/kg [35]. The same study also showed the presence of fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos ethyl, and bifenthrin at maximum concentrations of 0.23,1.30, and 0.68 pg/kg, respectively. 

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