Silversword alliance

Baldwin, B. G., Kyhos, D. W. and Dvolrak, J. 1990. Chloroplast DNA evolution and adaptive radiation in the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae—Madiinae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77 96-109. 

Witter, M. S. and Carr, G. D. 1988. Adaptive radiation and genetic differentiahon in the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae Madhnae). Evolution 42 1278-1287. 

A North American origin for the silverswords clearly emerged from the application of DNA-sequence techniques to members of the alliance and representative Californian species (Baldwin et al., 1990, 1991). The conclusions from these studies, based on chloroplast restriction site analysis were subsequently corroborated by ITS nuclear ribosomal DNA studies. A comprehensive review of these studies can be found in Carlquist et al. (2003). 

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