Chlorobenzene in water

When an aqueous solution containing chlorobenzene (190 pM) and a nonionic surfactant micelle (Brij 58, a polyoxyethylene cetyl ether) was illuminated by a photoreactor equipped with 253.7-nm monochromatic UV lamps, phenol, hydrogen, and chloride ions formed as major products. It was reported that aromatic aldehydes, organic acids, and carbon dioxide would form from the photoreaction of chlorobenzene in water under similar conditions. A duplicate experiment was conducted using an ionic micelle (triethylamine, 5 mM), which serves as a hydrogen source. Products identified were phenol and benzene (Chu and Jafvert, 1994). 

MIMS is a technique that uses a semipermeable membrane for directly introducing analytes into the mass spectrometer. This allows analytes to be measured in realtime with little or no sample preparation. MIMS has been previously used to measure the stability of CNCl in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water [168], to quantify CNCl and CNBr in drinking water [169], to measure chloramines and chlorobenzenes in water samples [170], and investigate the mechanism and kinetics of chloroform formation in drinking water [171]. More recently, it has been used to measure volatile DBPs in indoor swimming pools [138, 172]. 

Riter LS, Charles L, Turowski M, Cooks RG (2001) External interface for trap-and-release membrane introduction mass spectrometry applied to the detection of inorganic chloramines and chlorobenzenes in water. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15 2290-2295... 

The surface rigidity and lowering of interfacial tension of a drop-soluble surfactant will cause a smaller drop to be formed from a specific size of nozzle. The terminal velocity is lowered in a manner independent of drop size. Figure 17 shows the results of experiments with drops of chlorobenzene in water. Formed from a nozzle made of a piece of f-in. brass pipe, the drop of high-purity chlorobenzene fell at 13.1 cm./sec. Ten cm. of TMN (trimethyl nonyl ether of polyethylene glycol supplied by... 

Recall Problem 3.1. You are the boss of an analytical laboratory and, this time, you check the numbers from the analysis of chlorobenzene in water samples of very different origins, namely (a) moderately contaminated groundwater, (b) seawater ([salt]tot 0.5 M), (c) water from a brine ([salt]tot = 5.0 M), and (d) leachate of a hazardous-waste site containing 40% (v v) methanol. For all samples, your laboratory reports the same chlorobenzene concentration of 10 ng IT1. Again the sample flasks were unfortunately not completely filled. This time, the 1 L flasks were filled with 400 mL liquid, and stored at 25°C before analysis. What were the original concentrations (in /J,g-L l) of chlorobenzene in the four samples ... 

The principal source of chlorobenzene in water is release from chemical manufacturing facilities. Dow Chemical Company estimated that 0.1% of its annual production enters waters (EPA 1980a). Perry et al. (1979) found chlorobenzene in 6/63 industrial effluent in concentrations up to 100 pg/L. Based on 1,338 samples collected from about 1980 to 1983, the medium concentration of chlorobenzene in waste effluent was < 3 ppb and was detected in 54 samples. The total amount released to the environment was not reported (Staples et al. 1985). Chlorobenzene has been detected in both surface and groundwater samples at hazardous waste sites. Data from the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) Statistical Database indicate that chlorobenzene occurred in surface water at 13 sites at a geometric mean concentration of 17 ppb in positive samples and in... 

Purge-and-trap collection is well suited to biological samples that are soluble in water and is readily adapted to biological samples from techniques that have been developed for the analysis of halocarbons such as chlorobenzene in water and wastewater. For water-insoluble materials, the purge-and-trap approach is complicated by the uncertainty of partitioning the analyte between sample slurry particles and water. 

Methods for determining the parent compound, chlorobenzene, in water, air, and waste samples with excellent selectivity and sensitivity are highly developed, thus the database in this area is good and undergoing constant improvement. 

Wang, Y., Y.C. Kwok, Y. He, and H.K. Lee. 1998. Application of dynamic liquid-phase microextraction to the analysis of chlorobenzenes in water by using a conventional microsyringe. Anal. Chem. 70 46104614. 

Vidal, L., A. Canals, N. Kalogerakis, and E. Psillakis. 2005. Headspace single-drop microextraction for the analysis of chlorobenzenes in water samples. J. Chromatogr. A 1089 25-30. 

Tor, A. 2006. Determination of chlorobenzenes in water by drop-based liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-electron capture detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1125 129-132. 

Kisarov, V.M. (1962) Solubility of chlorobenzene in water. Zh. Prikl. Khim. 35(10), 2347-2349. J. Appl. Chem. USSR 35,2252-2253. Kishi, H., Hashimoto, Y. (1989) Evaluation of the procedures for the measurement of water solubility and n-octanol/water partition coefficient of chemicals. Chemosphere 18, 1749-1759. 

Recently it has been shown that peroxydisulfate ion or, more correctly, S04 formed by homolytic fission of S2Os-, is a particularly convenient reagent for the oxidation of aromatics (including pyridine, benzene and chlorobenzene) in water or aqueous acetonitrile solutions (Ledwith and Russell, 1974a, b, c). These reactions have mechanistic significance in respect of the more complex oxidations outlined above and may be represented overall as in eqn (42). It is interesting that, generated in this manner, the arene cation... 

From Borsdorf, H. Rammler, A. Schulze, D. Boadu, K.O. Feist, B. Weiss, H., Rapid on-site determination of chlorobenzene in water samples using ion mobility spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 440, 63-70.) (b) Exponential dilution system. (From Sielemann et al.. Detection of alcohols using UV-ion mobility spectrometers. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 431, 293-301. With permission.)... 

Elworthy and Florence [35] showed that the stability of anisole and chlorobenzene in water is correlated with the droplet size distribution as a function of time. From these results, they calculated the coalescence rates of the various systems. Electrophoretic experiments indicated that the higher stability observed with the glycol chain length increase is not due to a higher surface potential. They explained the higher stability by an entropic effect. 

---