Chlorine temperature

Figure 1. Thermodynamic analysis of iron carbide chlorination a.) Equilibrium amount of species vs. chlorination temperature for n = 8 moles of CI2 (g).

At 4 h, the feed composition is dropped to 2.5 mol% chlorine. Temperatures decrease sharply. The valve in the bypass line is driven completely shut at about 5.7 h, but the reactor inlet temperature cannot be maintained at the desired 400 K and drops to 393 K. The reactor outlet temperature drops from 500 to 438 K because of the reduction in reactant in the feed. Figure 7.32 shows the temperature profile at this new steady state. 

In the absence of catalysts phenylchlorosilanes do not chlorinate even at increased temperature (150-200 °C). It should be kept in mind, however, that the replacement chlorination of phenylchlorosilanes depending on the conditions of the reaction (the presence of a catalyst and its composition, the effect time of chlorine, temperature) is accompanied by breaking up the Si—Car bond ... 

Chlorination in shaft furnaces allows one to extract almost all of titanium (97-98%) out of the furnace charge. The extraction degree of other oxides depends on the chlorination temperature and properties of the extracted component. E.g., if silicon dioxide is in the mixture in the form of quartz, its chlorination degree is 10-20% if silicon dioxide is part of silicate, it is clorinated by 80% and more. Aluminum oxide in the form of corundum chlorinates only slightly alumosilicates chlorinate almost completely. 

Utterback C. L., Thompson T. G., and Thomas B. A. (1934) Refractivity-chlorinity temperature relationship of ocean waters. J. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer. 9, 35-38. 

An alternative method is to determine changes in total CO2 content of the sea water by monitoring pH, chlorinity, temperature and alkalinity (Park, 1969 Smith and Key, 1975 Smith and Kinsey, 1978) and to derive values for the flux of CO2 through the organic cycle, by subtracting from the total flux that component attributable to the inorganic carbonate flux as determined by alkalinity measurements. These estimates are relatively free from errors caused by diffusion, as CO2 exchange with the atmosphere is much slower than that of O2. However, the absolute precision of the measurement... 

If chlorination is carried out below 65 C in the presence of a diluent that swells but does not dissolve the polymer, the formation of products with chlorines on all adjacent carbons is promoted. Dannis and Ramp (30) have shown that products prepared by this technique have higher T values and greater heat resistance than products prepared at higner chlorination temperatures. The change in T as a result of increased chlorine content in such low-temperature chlorinations is shown in Figure 25. The high T shown for poly(vinyl dichloride) is not that of poly(vinylidene chrorlde). 

Table II. Dependence of Polychloropentane Content on Radiation Chlorination Temperature...

The use of an oxidation catalyst is essential (Deacon process) in order to obtain satisfactory results. Good yields are obtained by using firebrick saturated with cupric oxide, nitrate, etc. It is important to operate in a relatively narrow critical range (400-450 C) in which chlorination and dehydrochlorination reactions can occur concurrently. When the chlorination temperature is sufficiently lowered, addition reactions predominate. When the temperature is too high, the yields are low because of pyrolytic reactions which are accompanied by the liberation of carbon oxides. 

An intimate mixture of one part of pure ZrOg and two parts of calcined carbon black or sugar charcoal is placed in a porcelain boat and heated at 500°C in a stream of Clg or, preferably, ZrOg with no admixtures is chlorinated in a Clg-CCU gas mixture produced by passing Clg through a wash bottle (70°C) filled with ecu The initial chlorination temperature is 350°C, but is gradually raised to 700°C. 

Polyethylene elastomer, chlorinated temperature indicator Cobalt carbonate (ous) temperature indicator, grinding Cobalt chloride (ous) template, molecular sieves 4-Methylpiperidine template, molecular sieves mfg. 3-Methylpiperidine... 

B Physicochemical parameters - conductivity or other physicochemical parameter - residual chlorine - temperature - conductivity or other physicochemical parameter - pH - residual chlorine circumstances, taking account of all factors which might have an adverse affect on the quality of drinking water supplied to consumers. 

Insulation should be designed for maximum ambient and minimum chlorine temperatures. It should be nonflammable, dry, and chemically inert to chlorine. Because a purge gas is required between the two tanks, the insulation should be a granular material. Expanded silica and diatomaceous earth are examples. The purge gas outlet should be monitored for chlorine. 

Local measurements of wet chlorine temperature use tantalum-sheathed flanged thermowells with bimetallic dial thermometers. The insertion length should be selected to place the tip about one third of the diameter into the piping or into an elbow. 

A resistance element in a flanged thermowell with a tantalum sheath measures the chlorine temperature as the header leaves the cell room. The sensing element is connected to a temperature transmitter. A typical range is 0-150°C. 

Chilled water is the common utility on the second chlorine cooler. It enters the exchanger through a fail-closed globe valve. The chlorine temperature is measured at the outlet by a tantalum-sheathed flanged thermowell coimected to a transmitter. The temperature is typically controlled at 15°C with alarms at about 18°C and 13°C. 

Chlorine is liquified and stored at ambient or low temperature [231], [234]. In both cases the pressure in the storage system corresponds to the vapor pressure of liquefied chlorine at the temperature in the stock tank. Pressure storage is recommended for all usual customers [235], [236]. Euro Chlor recommends a maximum capacity of 300 - 400 t for individual tanks. For the large storage capacities required by producers, usually a low-pressure storage system, operating at a liquid chlorine temperature of ca. -34 °C, is chosen. A low-pressure system needs a cooling or recompression system, and, for this reason, it is basically unsuitable for small chlorine consumers [237], [238]. 

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