Chlorine phosgene

Phosgene was prepared first in 1812 by reacting carbon monoxide with chlorine. Phosgene was used historically as a military gas in warfare. At present, it is used extensively to make polyurethanes. These urethane polymers produce polycarbonates and chloroformates for making pesticides and pharmaceuticals. 

At the end of World War I, medical thought was turning to the possibility that soldiers who had been gassed with mustard, chlorine, phosgene, and other agents would develop tuberculosis. In the early postwar years, publications described efforts to identify cases of tuberculosis among gas casualties. The expected epidemic failed to appear, and attention subsided. More extensive studies, such as that of Beebe, were initiated.1 Gradually, mustard gas became the... 

During the latter half of World War I and the early postwar years, there was serious concern that men poisoned by inhalation of chlorine, phosgene, and mustard (the three most common and deadly agents) would develop tuberculosis and cancer. Limited studies were begun, but it proved difficult to produce evidence to support the idea. Achard, Wilson and Mackintosh,Sergent and Haas,6 ... 

The addition of a gas to a reaction mixture (commonly the hydrogen halides, fluorine, chlorine, phosgene, boron trifluoride, carbon dioxide, ammonia, gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbons, ethylene oxide) requires the provision of safety precautions which may not be immediately apparent. Some of these gases may be generated in situ (e.g. diborane in hydroboration reactions), some may be commercially available in cylinders, and some may be generated by chemical or other means (e.g. carbon dioxide, ozone). An individual description of the convenient sources of these gases will be found under Section 4.2. 

Chloroform Chlorinated Alkanes Hydrochloric acid, chlorine, phosgene 0.5-1% (v/v) ethanol... 

Dichloromethane Hydrochloric acid, chlorine, phosgene Various ethanol amylene blends 25 ppm (mass/mass) amylene... 

By the end of the WWI, some 124,200 tons of chemical warfare agents (chlorine, phosgene, mustard, etc.) had been released, causing at least 1.3 million casualties of which more than 90,000 were fatal. The threat of the use of CWAs led to the development of protective means not only for humans, but also for horses and dogs. The effectivity of CWs in comparison with classic munition was evident 1 ton of classic explosives caused 4.9 casualties 1 ton of chemical munition caused 11.5 casualties and 1 ton of yperite caused 36.4 casualties (Bajgar, 2006). 

Non-persistent Gases. Including substances which diffuse into the air in a short time, losing some of their toxic concentration chlorine, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid, etc. 

A) The Toxic Suffocants (or Lung Irritants). These include those gases which act principally on the respiratory tract chlorine, phosgene, chloropicrin, etc. 

Lung irritants (iungeweiunde Kamp/atoJfeK c.p.. chlorine, phosgene, diphoKgeitc. rhiorpicriii, lewisite B. 

Chemically much more inert than chlorine, phosgene is a very stable compound and is not dissociated by cxplo. bursting charges. When dry, phosgene does not attack iron ami may, therefore, be kept indefinitely in iron and steel containers. It is, however, extremely sensitive to water, in contact with which it quickly breaks down into hydroehlorii acid and carbon dioxide, according to the equation... 

Compared to chlorine, phosgene has the following advantages as a chemical agent. It is ... 

Country Chlorine Phosgene Diphosgene Mustard Chloropicrin Cyanides Total... 

NA denotes figures not available. Note that a portion of the chlorine, phosgene, and cyanide were used for nonchemical warfare purposes. A total of 150000tons of chemicals were produced for chemical warfare purposes, and 125000tons of that were actually used on the battlefield. 

Chlordane itself is noncombustible. However, the materials used as carrier solvents (e.g., kerosene) are often flammable making the mixture in use a flammable or combustible mixture. Toxic gases and vapors such as hydrogen chloride, chlorine, phosgene, and carbon monoxide may be released in a fire involving chlordane. 

Like chlorine, phosgene can add to alkenes by a free radical process. The addition can be initiated using CH3CO2. 

Chlorine, phosgene. Lewisite, and SM all react with thiol groups as well as produce oxidants. The arsenic group in Lewisite has a high affinity to the alpha and gamma thiol groups of lipoic acid found in enzymes (e.g., pyruvate oxidase). Oxidants occur as part of the normal metabolism of cells (redox homeostasis). In the diseased state (e.g., exposure to a chemical agent), there is an acute... 

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