Chitin production

Rao, M.S. and Stevens, W.F. 2005. Chitin production by Lactobacillus fermentation of shrimp biowaste in a drum reactor and its chemical conversion to chitosan. J. Chem. Technol. BiotechnoL 80, 1080-1087. 

Let us consider an example with three factors. In a study to evaluate the influence of some nutrients on chitin production by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans a 2 factorial design was used, with the levels given in Table 6.4 (Andrade et al., 2000). The linear model satisfactorily fitted the results of this design,... 

Levels of a 2 design with a center point, to study how chitin production by the fungus C. elegans is affected by the concentrations of three nutrients in the culture medium... 

Cauchie H.M., An attempt to estimate crustacean chitin production in the hydrosphere, in Advances in Chitin Science, Eds. Domard A., Roberts G.A.F., and Varum K.M., Jacques Andri Publisher, Lyon, 1998, Volume II, pp. 32-39. 

Andrade, V.S., Neto, B.d.B., Fukushima, K., and Campos-Takaki, G.M. 2003. Effect of medium components and time of cultivation on chitin production by Mucor circinelloides (Mucor javanicus IFO 4570)—JS factorial study. Rev Iberoam Micol. 20 149-153. 

Teng et al. (2001) reported that proteolytic fungal fermentation of shrimp shells is a simple, effective, and inexpensive approach of chitin production from shrimp shells and fnngal mycelia. The results suggest that deproteinization and demineralization occnrs nnder those conditions. Sini et al. (2007) reported that Bacillus subtilis is an efficient starter cnltme from fermentation of shrimp shells. About 84% of the protein and 72% of the minerals were ranoved from the fermented residne at the end of fermentation. 

Andrade, V. S., Neto, B. B., Souza, W., and G. M. Campos-Takaki. 2000. A factorial design analysis of chitin production by Cunninghamella elegans. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46 1042-1045. 

Overview of Biological Treatment of Crustacean Shell Wastes for Chitin Production... 

Aye, K. N. and W. F. Stevens. 2004. Improved chitin production by pretreatment of shrimp shells. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 79 421 25. 

Rao, M. S., J. Munoz, and W. F. Stevens. 2000. Critical factors in chitin production by fermentation of shrimp biowaste. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 54 808-813. 

Chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives have been applied for wound treatment in the veterinary field since 1988, and one of the first cases of chitosan application was reported on a case of canker in a draft horse (Minami et al. 1991). They have also summarized clinical cases using chitin and chitosan to large animals (cows and horses) (Minami et al. 1992), small animals (dogs and cats) (Okamoto et al. 1992), and zoo animals (mammals, reptiles, and birds) (Fukumoto et al. 1995) using the chitin products (Chitipack S and Chitipack P), and a chitosan product (Chitopack C), which are commercialized in Japan. In comparison with conventional therapy with irrigation and antibiotic administration to a wound, new treatments with chitin and chitosan products permitted a substantial decrease in treatment frequency with minimal scar formation. 

Okada T, Hartsdale NY, Kubo I et al (1999) Fungus useful for chitin production. US Patent 5,905,035... 

Mahmoud NS, Ghaly AE, Arab F (2007) Unconventional approach for demineralization of deproteinized crustacean shells for chitin production. Am J Biochem Biotechnol 3 1-9... 

These crustacean skeletons make up the raw material for chitin production. The traditional chemical process, as outlined in Figure 3.4, consists of an initial treatment with alkali to remove the adhering proteins. 

Chitin is the second most abimdant polymer on earth after cellulose. The volumes of chitin production are much lower, due to its relatively high cost of extraction, and due to differences between batches caused by difficulties to prepare uniformly reproducible material in bulk quantities from various marine organisms [57]. 

For chitin production, first the proteins are removed by treating with sodium hydroxide. Inorganic materials, such as calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, are then extracted with hydrochloric acid. After rinsing, the chitin is dried as a flaked material. For chitosan manufacture, chitin flakes are first treated with very strong NaOH to hydrolyse the N-acetyl linkage, then rinsed, pH adjust, and dried. The chitosan flakes... 

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