Chitin cosmetics

A number of important papers could not be cited in this chapter, due to the length limitations and the specific target of the chapter. For example, the antimicrobial activity of chitosans [349], the chitinolytic enzymes, the preparation of cosmetics, and the occurrence of chitin in fungi [350] are some of the subjects not dealt with specifically here, notwithstanding their importance. 

Since chitin and chitosan are nontoxic and nonallergenic, they can be applied on the human body. They have been used in the production of emulsifiers, antistatic agents and emollients to extend the cosmetic product shelf life (e.g., shampoos and hair styling products). 

Shrimp shell waste can be economically converted to chitin, a mucopolysaccharide (Santhosh and Mathew, 2008). This marine polysaccharide and its derivatives hold a major part in our lives as medicines, cosmetics, textiles, paper, food, and other branches of industry because of their unique nature in properties such as low toxicity, biocompatibility, hydrophobicity, etc. Hydrolysis of chitin yields a value added product, glucosamine. Carboxymethylchitin is another derivative of chitin, prepared by the carboxymethylation reaction. 

Simple carbohydrates (cellulose, starch, glucose, fructose, inulin, chitin, etc.) extracted from biomass, oligo- and polysaccharides of microbial or algal origin and derivatives thereof play a very important role in many sectors ranging from textiles and specialty chemicals to cosmetics, and food and feed industries. Large-scale carbohydrate-based processes in these sectors are well established and based on relatively simple chemical or biotechnological... 

Chitin. Chitin, the seeond most abundant organie compound, is similar to cellulose, exeept it is composed of Af-acetylglucosamine in a jS-(l,4) linkage. (The chitin structure can be recovered from Equation (A.3-2) by replacing the -OH at carbon-2 with an -NH-CO-CH3.) Because chitin is readily available and occurs naturally in many insects and marine organisms, it is a popular component of cosmetic and health-care products. The Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare approved chitosan as an ingredient for hair-care products in 1986, carboxymethylchitosan as skin-care product in 1987, and chitin non-woven fabric as skin substitute in 1988 [2]. 

It is a substance found naturally in the shells of crustaceans, such as crab, shrimp, and lobster. It is also found in the exoskeleton of marine zooplankton, such as coral and jellyfish. Insects also have chitin in their wings. Examples would be butterflies and ladybugs. The cell walls of mushroom and other fungi contain this also. This substance is used in food, cosmetics, and biomedicine. It has been found to be an antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral and used for wound dressings, sutures, cataract surgery, and periodontal disease treatment. Its many sources and uses make it a fascinating material. 

Chitin and CS Shells of crabs, lobsters, shrimps and insects Cosmetics, manufacture of artificial skin and absorbable sutures, synthesis of water-soluble prodrugs... 

Over 150,000 tonnes of chitin is currently harvested by utilising a by-product of the seafood industry, making it available throughout the year. Chitin and CS are currently in the spotlight due to their numerous applications in biomedicine, waste water treatment, food, cosmetics and the fibre industry [35-39]. The high nitrogen... 

Chitosan and chitosan with immobilized enzymes found application in a large range of applications due to the original properties of chitosan itself [190, 215]. A review for applications in food was published previously but it seems that this domain is not in development [216,217], Packaging [218] and paper industry are also concerned [98, 219-221], In paper fabric, it may be used for paper reinforcement or as coagulant of wastewater. In textile industry, some application of chitosan is also mentioned in the literature as it was for chitin [61, 63, 222], Another field where the specificity of chitosan still is to be recognized is cosmetics (especially for hair treatment in relation with electrostatic interaction) (Table 4.5) [1],... 

Trade Name Synonyms Chitin Liq. [lchimaru Pharcos U.S. Cosmetics http //www.uscosm.com], Chitisol t[lchimaru Pharcos] Chitosolbe t[Koyo]... 

Wachter R., Stenberg E., HYDAGEN CMF in Cosmetic applications. Efficacy in different in-vitro and in-vivo measurements, iaAdvances in Chitin Science, Eds. Domard A., Roberts G.A.F., and Varum K.M., Lyon, 1,1997, pp. 381-388. 

Oligomers and polymers of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives are extensively used in a broad range of fields that include agriculture, food, textile, cosmetics and medicine (Sandford and Hutchings 1987, Sandford 1989, Sandford and Steinnes 1991, Shahidi et al. 1999, Chatelet et al. 2001). They find vast applications because of their numerous interesting biological, physicochemical, and mechanical properties (Domard et al. 

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