Chinese margins

In conclusion, in the past 4 years the studies into exchanges of carbon between air and water in Chinese marginal seas have made some progress, especially on exchanges of CO2. Various ocean carbon cycle models from different points of view have been proposed and have been applied when studying the carbon cycles between air and water. 

The dependence of Europeans on Chinese enterprise produced very mixed emotions of admiration, fear and scorn. Europeans immediately equated the Chinese of the region to Jews in Europe—uncannily successful in commerce, inscrutable in ritual, but marginal and powerless essential outsiders or pariah entrepreneurs (Lodewycksz 1598 26 Reid 1997). To instance one of many such stereotypes, Scott remarked of the Chinese in Banten that they live crouching under them, but rob them of their wealth and send it for China (Scott 1606 174). 

The pharmaceutical properties of artemisinin are far from optimal it is insoluble in water and only marginally soluble in oil. It has poor oral bioavailability and has been administered for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in humans at total doses of about 1 g (over 3 days). Early studies by Chinese scientists in 1979 led to the discovery of dihydroartemisinin 3, artemether 4 (Artenam), and sodium artesunate 5, oil and water soluble derivatives, respectively (Figure 9.1 ).6-7 These drugs are currently in clinical use in Asia in a number of preparations such as suppositories, i.v. injectables, oil depos, to name only a few.8 Capsules containing 0.5 g of artemisinin for oral administration are available in Vietnam. 

Chinese demand has been the main driver of the world petrochemicals recovery since 2002, and while scenarios exist under which China s demand falters, the consensus view is that it will continue, and that petrochemical prices will be sustained at high levels until new capacity comes online. The products elevated price levels and margins are likely to attract new investments in the next few years. At this point the products seem likely to resume the cycle of overinvestment leading to a price bust later in the decade, followed by a period of underinvestment leading to a new price spike several years later. While the drivers of the price movements contrast with those of crude and natural gas and are more inherently shortterm, they ensure similar and continued price volatility. 

The third big difference in the Chinese market is that competition is based on cut-throat efficiency. Chinese entrepreneurs tend to go for the maximum cash return and focus on scale rather than margins, with the goal of becoming market leaders as fast as possible. 

The Chinese chemical industry is already as profitable as that in the West, with reported EBIT margins of between six and seven percent. There is, however, a great disparity between the best and worst performers. Wholly foreign-owned enterprises... 

The margins are partly supported by a sustainable share of imports, allowing for import parity pricing. In 2003, approximately 21 percent of China s total chemicals consumption was covered by net imports, mainly commodities. For example, at least half of the consumption of synthetic rubber (69%), plastics (55%), and organic chemicals (50%) was met by net imports. Even at production growth forecasts of 9.6 percent p.a., Chinese capacity levels will not meet demand in the foreseeable future and the country is expected to remain a chemicals net importer beyond 2020. 

Assume that the identical rate of expatriate Chinese financial support continued during the years 1965-78 in this form of investment, augmented only by a 10 percent inflation factor, highly conservative for the area. The aggregate investment during 1965-78 would amount to 6.3 billion, in joint operations with the PRC. Assume a 40 percent annual profit margin on this investment,... 

Flynn In my book on Asian Americans, I did a study of Japanese and Chinese children bom in America between 1945 and 1949, plus those who came to America at that time and were educated in America. If they had higher IQs than white Americans it was only marginal. Yet data suggest that a Chinese American kid could spot a white American kid 7 IQ points, and match them for the credentials that got them into university. If you look at the occupational profiles in the cohorts of the 1980 census, you would have sworn that the Chinese kids had a mean IQ of 120 rather than 100. Of course one-third of that was due to the seven points. It meant that the relevant IQ threshold for entry into high-status jobs was 93 for Chinese, as compared to a white threshold of 100. The other 13 points came from... 

Based on this, it could be but a small step to conclude that waidan has no more than a marginal relation to Daoism as it evolved during the Six Dynasties and in later times. This step, in fact, has been made in some studies on Chinese alchemy. The existence of about one hundred waidan texts in the Daoist Canon (one of the largest corpora in that collection, if considered as a whole), in addition to the inclusion of the Great Clarity, of the various transmutations and the talismanic charts descended from that heaven, and of deities, saints, and immortals associated with alchemy into the system of the Three Caverns, shows, instead, how closely waidan was integrated into the construction that Daoists erected—with awareness and intention, as shown by the very complexity of that system—during the Six Dynasties. 

The Chinese nuclear test also galvanized a change in American public opinion toward China. While polls still showed that Americans believed by three-to-one margins that China would turn out to be a greater threat to the U.S. than the Soviet Union, they also revealed that the public was now more favorably disposed toward UN membership for the PRC than ever before. This led the State Department s opinion analyst to note a growing feeling that reality dictated greater Sino-American contacts. 

Sun YM, Song JM (2002) Functions of China s marginal sea sediments in the cycles of biogenic elements. Mar Environ Sci 21(l) 26-33 (in Chinese with English... 

---