Children epidemiological studies

Humans have been exposed to nickel in nickel mines and processing plants, and numerous epidemiology studies have been performed to assess the cause of death in these workers. Accidental ingestion of nickel also has been documented in a small child and in electroplating workers. Nickel dermatitis is the most prevalent effect of nickel in humans. 

Flament MF, Whitaker A, Rapaport JL, Davies M, Berg CZ, Kalikow K, Sceery W, Shaffer D (1988) Obsessive compulsive disorder in adolescence An epidemiological study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27 764-771... 

Zohar, A.H., Ratzoni, G., Pauls, D.L., Apter, A., Bleich, A., Kron, S., Rappaport, M., Weizman, A., and Cohen, D.G. (1988) An epidemiological study of obsessive-compulsive disorder and related disorders in Israeli adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 1057-1061. 

Bird, H. and Gould, M. (1995). The use of diagnostic instruments and global measures of functioning in child psychiatry epidemiologic studies. In Verhulst, F.C. and Koot, H.M. eds. The Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Psychophathology. Oxford Oxford University Press, pp. 86-103. 

Table 9 presents a comparison of basic epidemiological study designs for assessing child health outcomes by their inherent methodological strengths and limitations. While experimental study designs are included for completeness, none is appropriate for the evaluation of environmental influences on children s health when the exposure(s) cannot be randomized within acceptable research practices. 

Hoffman, H.J. Hunter, J.C. Damns, K. Pakter, J. Peterson, D.R. van Belle, G. Hasselmeyer, E.G. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization and sudden infant death Results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Cooperative Epidemiological Study of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome risk factors. Pediatrics 1987, Apr., 79 (4), 598-611. 

Longo G, Strinati R, Poll F, et al Genetic factors in nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity. An epidemiologic study. Am J Dis Child 1987 141 331-334. (Ill)... 

In several epidemiological studies, the association between low-dose prenatal MeHg exposure and early child development has been assessed using several widely used standardized tests. 

Only a minority of epidemiological studies have explored the possible associations between maternal occupational exposures and an elevated risk for a child to develop a malignant disease. 

The large gap between efficacy and effectiveness research has resulted in a new consensus regarding the need for research that will inform practice (National Institute of Mental Health, 1999 Weisz, 2000). Epidemiological studies indicate that fewer than 20% of children who need mental health care actually receive any services (Goodman et al., 1997). Earlier studies indicated that of those children who did receive services, fewer than 50% received the appropriate service relative to their need (Kazdin, 1996). These realities have led to two important movements in child mental health services efforts to increase the effectiveness of services principally by advocating evidence-based treatments (Hibbs Jensen, 1997 Weisz, 2000) and calls for alternative models for mental health services (Bums, 1999 National Institute of Mental Health, 1999). 

MacDonald, H., and Tobin, J. O. H. (1978). Congenital cytomegalovitiis infection A collaborative study on epidemiological, clinical and laboratory findings. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 20, 271-282. 

Aim B, Milerad J, Wennergren G, Skjaerven R, Oyen N, Norvenius G, Daitveit AK, Helweg-Larsen K, Markestad T, Irgens LM. (1998). A case-control study of smoking and sudden infant death syndrome in the Scandinavian countries, 1992 to 1995. The Nordic Epidemiological SIDS Study. Arch Dis Child. 78(4) 329-34. 

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