Chemotherapy study

Results of adjuvant chemotherapy studies in patients with stage II disease are conflicting. Despite lack of consensus among practitioners, the approach to treatment of high-risk stage II and stage III disease is similar. 

RTOG 9906. A Phase I/II Trial in Patients with Muscle-Invading Bladder Cancer of Transurethral Surgery Plus Taxol, Cisplatin and BID Irradiation Followed by Either Selective Bladder Preservation or Radical Cystectomy and Adjuvant Chemotherapy. Study Protocol. 

Shalinsky DR, Brekken J, Zou H, Bloom LA, McDermott CD, ZookS, et al. Marked antiangiogenic and antitumor efficacy of AG3340 in chemoresistant human non-small cell lung cancer tumors single agent and combination chemotherapy studies. Clin Cancer Res 1999 5 1905-1917. 

Ramachandran P, Duraipandian M, Nagarajan M, Prabhakar R, Ramakrishnan CV, Tripathy SP. Three chemotherapy studies of tuberculous meningitis in children. Tubercle 1986 67(l) 17-29. 

Since these early observations, cancer therapy with NO has been considered mainly as a means of sensitising mahgnant cells to conventional treatments such as radio and chemotherapy studies of these interactions will be discussed later in this chapter. However, a number of investigators have demonstrated that NO, on its own, can exhibit potent anticancer properties both in vitro and in vivo, generally without significant toxicity (Table 21.1). The methods that have been used to generate therapeutic levels of NO in cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo are the... 

L-Fohc acid is available as a crystalline dihydrate containing 8% water. Approximately 80% of the commercial production is consumed for feed enrichment in animal nutrition. FoHc acid is being offered by the pharmaceutical industry for therapeutic and prophylactic use (see Pharmaceuticals). Pharmacological doses of fohc acid are commonly used as a rescue dose during cancer chemotherapy, in women using oral contraceptives, and alcohoHcs. Several studies have provided evidence that multivitamins or foHc acid (0.8—4 mg/day) supplementation prevent the majority of neural tube defects (101). 

D. A. Conrad, A. L. Lentnek, and the Tigemonan Study Group, 29th Interscience Conference on MntimicrobialMgents and Chemotherapy Abstract No. 921, Houston, Tex., 1989. 

Most recently, a phase-I-study defined a dose of 13-ris-retinoic acid that was tolerable in patients after myeloablative therapy, and a phase-III-trial showed that postconsolidation therapy with 13-cis-retinoic acid improved EFS for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma [7]. Preclinical studies in neuroblastoma indicate that ATRA or 13-cw-RA can antagonize cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation, such that use of 13-cis-RA in neuroblastoma is limited to maintenance after completion of cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiation. It is likely that recurrent disease seen during or after 13-cis-RA therapy in neuroblastoma is due to tumor cell resistance to retinoid-mediated differentiation induction. Studies in neuroblastoma cell lines resistant to 13-cw-RA and ATRA have shown that they can be sensitive, and in some cases collaterally hypersensitive, to the cytotoxic retinoid fenretinide. Here, fenretinide induces tumor cell cytotoxicity rather than differentiation, acts independently from RA receptors, and in initial phase-I-trials has been well tolerated. Clinical trials of fenretinide, alone and in combination with ceramide modulators, are in development. 

The clinical trial that resulted in FDA approval of bevacizumab (February 2004) was a randomized, double-blind, phase III study in which bevacizumab was administered in combination with bolus-IFL (irinotecan, 5FU, leucovorin) chemotherapy as first-line therapy for previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer [3]. Median survival was increased from 15.6 months in the bolus-IFL + placebo arm to 20.3 months in the bolus-IFL + bevacizumab arm. 

Hamre D, Brownlee KA, Donovick R (1951) Studies on the chemotherapy of vaccinia virus. II. The activity of some thiosemicarbazones. J Immunol 67 305-312... 

Russell D, Bakhtyari A, Jazrawi RP, Whitlock L, Ridgway C, McHale M, Abel S (2003) Multiple dose study to investigate the safety of UK-427,857 (100 mg or 300mg) BID for 28 days in healthy males and females. In 43rd interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, USA... 

While the major application of albumin microspheres is in the area of chemotherapy, there have been studies reporting the release of such varied compounds as 1-norgestrel (97), insulin (98), and hematoporphyrins (99) from bovine serum albumin, and the antibacterial sulfadiazine from ovalbumin (100). In general, burst phenomena are found for all systems studied. However, the results from the insulin study are worthy of note in that blood glucose levels were depressed for more than 14 days following the administration of insulin-containing BSA microspheres to diabetic rats. The smaller microspheres were absorbed by day 28 and the larger particles by day 56. 

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