Chemistry of the Earth

Ferguson E E, Fehsenfeid F C and Aibritton D L 1979 ion chemistry of the earth s atmosphere Gas Phase Ion Ghemistry ed M T Bowers (San Diego, CA Academic)... 

A discussion of the chemistry of the earth is conveniently broken into three parts, each of which corresponds to one of the phases solid, liquid, or gas. 

Fergusson, J. E. Inorganic Chemistry of the Earth, Pergamon Press, Oxford,... 

Understand the compiex chemistry of the Earth, to design poiicies that wiii prevent environmentai degradation. 

Chemists use many different liquid solvents, but we focus most of our attention on water. When water Is the solvent, the solution Is said to be aqueous. A rich array of chemistry occurs in aqueous solution, including many geological and biochemical processes. Aqueous solutions dominate the chemistry of the Earth and the biosphere. The oceans, for instance, are rich broths of various cations and anions, sodium and chloride being the most abundant. The oceans can be thought of as huge aqueous solvent vessels for the remarkably complex chemistry of our world. Blood is an... 

Turekian, K.K. (1972) Chemistry of the Earth. Holt, Rinehart and Winston,... 

Schirmer, M., Butler, B., Barker, J., Church, C., and Schirmer, K., Evaluation of biodegradation and dispersion as natural attenuation processes of MTBE and benzene at the Borden field site, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part B Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 24 (6), 557-560, 1999. 

Understand the complex chemistry of the earth, including land, sea, atmosphere, and biosphere, so we can maintain its livability. This is a fundamental challenge to the natural science of our field, and it is key to helping design policies that will prevent environmental degradation. In addition, chemical scientists will use this understanding to create new methods to deal with pollution and other threats to our earth. 

T. S. Duffy and Y. Wang, in Ultrahigh Pressure Mineralogy Physics and Chemistry of the Earth s Deep Interior (R. J. Hemley ed.). Reviews in Mineralogy, Mineralog-ical Society of America, vol. 37, 1998, p. 425. 

The chemistry of the earth s surface, or active layer, influences our health and well being. Natural background variation of surface chemistry is rather high because of the variety in age and depositional environment of our bedrock. This variety is captured by the New Brunswick component of the NASGLP. 

Since the early days of Goldschmidt or Vernadsky, geochemistry has become a mature science which now plays a central role in the Earth Sciences. More particularly, it has evolved considerably over the last fifty years. From an analytical approach with a goal of establishing the chemistry of the Earth compositions of rocks, soils, water, crust and mantle, geochemistry has become an explanatory science. 

Free radicals formed by photolysis play significant roles in the chemistry of the earth s atmosphere, not the least of which is the destruction of... 

Isidorov VA (1990) Organic Chemistry of the Earth s Atmosphere. Springer, Berlin, p 72... 

Efforts have been made to determine the compositions of both the primitive mantle and depleted materials in the modern mantle. In the approach of Palme and O Neill (2004), the estimated chemistry of the primitive mantle was determined by subtracting the likely elemental concentrations of the Earth s core from results on the bulk chemistry of the Earth. The chemistry of the bulk Earth may be derived from chemical data on Cl chondrite meteorites, spectrographs of the Sun, and/or analyses of upper mantle rocks. Based on the chemical properties of an element, assumptions can be made on how much of the element was likely to have accumulated in the core. On the basis of this approach, Palme and O Neill (2004, 14) concluded that the arsenic concentration of the primitive mantle was 0.066 0.046 mg kg-1 (Table 3.3). 

Meek, M., Love, D. and Mapani, B. (2006) Zimbabwean mine dumps and their impacts on river water quality -a reconnaissance study. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31(15-16), 797-803. 

Bums, R. G., Clark, R. H. Fyfe, W. S. (1964) Crystal field theory and applications to problems in geochemistry. In Chemistry of the Earth s Crust, Proceedings of the Vernadsky Centennial Symposium. (A. P. Vinogradov, ed. Science Press, Moscow), 2, 88-106. [Transl.-. Israel Progr. Sci. Transl., Jerusalem, pp. 93-112 (1967).]... 

Carter, J. L. (1970) Mineralogy and chemistry of the Earth s upper mantle based on the partial fusion-partial crystallization model. Geol. Soc. Amer., Bull. 81,2021-34. 

Before the dawn of synthetic chemistry the natural cycle had resulted in a fair degree of stability in the chemistry of the earth s surface, although in certain ecological niches, massive buildups of substances that would not break down (in those niches) have occurred, most notably in the deposits of mineral oil, natural gas, and carbon. 

Correns (1969) has given a vivid description of the development of ideas concerning the elemental composition of the earth s crust and the discovery of the elements. Only 150 years ago (1821), the term chemistry of the earth was used by Berzelius, as synonymous with the term mineralogy . In the middle of the last century (1845 — 1854), G. Bischof published his three-volume work Lehrbuch der chemischen und physikalischen Geologie . Chemists (like Bunsen) and earth scientists became aware of the potential of a chemical approach to the problems of earth and hydrosphere. Clarke published the first edition of his Data of Geochemistry in 1908 and the fifth edition (1924) remained a standard reference for many years. Vernadsky (1863—... 

Vinogradov, A. P. Chemistry of the earth s crust (2 volumes). Transl. Isr. Progr. Scient. Transl. 1966/1967... 

Figure 7 The chemistry of the Earth s surface waters (a) typical values of the ratio Na j (Na + Ca ) as a function of dissolved solids concentrations from various major rivers and oceans and (b) the processes leading to the observed ratios (From Gibbs ) copyright 1970, American Association for the Advancement of Science...

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