Chemiluminescence analytical applications

L. J. Kricka, ed.. Analytical Applications of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1984. 

Analytical Applications. Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence are useful in analysis for several reasons. (/) Modem low noise phototubes when properly instmmented can detect light fluxes as weak as 100 photons/s (1.7 x 10 eins/s). Thus luminescent reactions in which intensity depends on the concentration of a reactant of analytical interest can be used to determine attomole—2eptomole amounts (10 to 10 mol). This is especially useful for biochemical, trace metal, and pollution control analyses (93,260—266) (see Trace and residue analysis). (2) Light measurement is easily automated for routine measurements as, for example, in clinical analysis. 

The scientific interests of Anatoly K. Babko ranged widely, especially in regard to fundamental aspects of analytical chemistry, applications of organic reagents in inorganic analysis, chemistry of complex compounds (including heteropolyacids), analytical applications of complex compounds in photometry, luminescence and chemiluminescence, ion chromatography, and liquid-liquid extraction. 

Analytical Application of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence, NASA SP-388 ed., pp. 89-94. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. 

The active state of luminescence spectrometry today may be judged ly an examination of the 1988 issue of Fundamental Reviews of Analytical Chemistry (78), which divides its report titled Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry into about 27 specialized topical areas, depending on how you choose to count all the subdivisions. This profusion of luminescence topics in Fundamental Reviews is just the tip of the iceberg, because it omits all publications not primarily concerned with analytical applications. Fundamental Reviews does, however, represent a good cross-section of the available techniques because nearly every method for using luminescence in scientific studies eventually finds a use in some form of chemical analysis. Since it would be impossible to mention here all of the current important applications and developments in the entire universe of luminescence, this report continues with a look at progress in a few current areas that seem significant to the author for their potential impact on future work. 

Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence, Basic Chemistry and Analytical Applications DeLuca, M. A McElroy, W. D. Eds. Academic New York, 1981 p 782. 

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) has proved to be useful for analytical applications including organic analysis, ECL-based immunosensors, DNA probe assays, and enzymatic biosensors. In the last few years, the electrochemistry and ECL of compound semiconductor nanocrystallites have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in analytical chemistry (ECL sensors). 

General books [213-217], chapters [218], and reviews were published in the 1980s reporting the suitability of CL and BL in chemical analysis [219-222], the specific analytical applications of BL [223], the CL detection systems in the gas phase [224], in chromatography [225, 226], the use of different chemiluminescent tags in immunoassay, and applications in clinical chemistry [227-232] as well as the applications of CL reactions in biomedical analysis [233]. 

This review deals mainly with BL analytical applications in the last 10-15 past years, but some previous fundamental works are also listed. In Table 3 some fundamentals references of general interest and the findings of recent symposia on this topic are collected. In the journal Luminescence, the Journal of Biological and Chemical Luminescence (previously Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence) are also reported surveys of the recent literature on selected topics (like ATP or GFP applications), instruments, and kits commercially available. 

These studies have allowed the spectroscopic identification of a number of electronically excited states of the metal oxides, but there appear to have been no analytical applications of the reactions to date. The emitting states, as summarized by Toby [14], are CaO(A n), SrO(ATl), PbO(a32+, b32+), ScO(C2II), YO(C2n), FcO(C ), A10(A2ni B2X+), and BaO(A i)1, D 2+). Nickel carbonyl reacts with ozone to produce chemiluminescence from an excited electronic state of NiO, which is probably produced in the Ni + 03 reaction [42, 43],... 

Garcia-Campana AM, Baeyens WRG (2000) Principles and recent analytical applications of chemiluminescence. Analysis 28 686-698... 

The synthesis of A-methylacridan dioxetane derivatives would be very promising for analytical application as chemiluminescence probes. Despite the high quantum yields... 

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence has rapidly gained importance as a sensitive and selective detection method in analytical science. During last decade, several review articles describing primarily different analytical applications of ECL have... 

The fluorescence of organic molecules and ions in solution is a photoluminescent process that decreases extremely rapidly when the excitation ceases, in contrast to phosphorescence, which latter has a much slower decrease and is seldom used for analysis. Finally, chemiluminescence, the emission of light during a chemical reaction, is involved in some analytical applications. 

Alger, R.S. (1968) Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Wiley Interscience, New York. Allen, R.C. (1981) In Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence, Basic Chemistry and Analytical Applications (DeLuca, M.A. and McElroy, W.D., eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 63. 

Chemiluminescence. Chemiluminescence (262—265) is the emission of light during an exothermic chemical reaction, generaUy as fluorescence. It often occurs in oxidation processes, and enzyme-mediated bioluminescence has important analytical applications (241,262). Chemiluminescence analysis is highly specific and can reach ppb detection limits with relatively simple instrumentation. Nitric oxide has been so analyzed from reaction with ozone (266—268), and ozone can be detected by the emission at 585 nm from reaction with ethylene. 

Kricka LJ. Clinical applications of chemiluminescence. Analyt. Chim. Acta 2003 500 279-286. 

Fletcher P, Andrew KN, Calokerinos AC, Forbes S, Worsfold PJ. Analytical applications of flow injection with chemiluminescence detection-a review. Luminescence. 2001 16(l) l-23. 

Papadopoulos K, Triantis T, Tsagaraki K, Dimotikali D, Iftimie N, Meghea A, Studies on the photostorage chemiluminescence of aromatic ketones with reactive oxygen species. Prospects for analytical applications. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002 152 11-6. 

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