CHEMICALLY MODIFIED SURFACES

RAIRS is routinely used for the analysis of chemically modified surfaces - surface systems in electrochemistry [4.277], polymer research [4.266, 4.278], catalysis [4.265, 4.271], selfassembling monolayers [4.267, 4.268], and protein adsorption [4.268, 4.279] have been investigated. 

The separation methods routinely employed in the laboratory include the various chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, whose selectivity is continually being increased by the introduction of new adsorbents, e.g. with chemically modified surfaces (Fig. 1). 

Hydrocarbon Synthesis and Rearrangement over Clean and Chemically Modified Surfaces... 

D. E. Leyden, W.T. Collins, Chemically Modified Surfaces in Science and Industry. Gordon, Breach, New York, 1988. 

H. A. Mottola, J.R. Steinmetz (Eds.), Chemically Modified Surfaces. Elsevier, New York, 1992. 

Schure, M.R., Molecular dynamics of liquid chromatography chain and solvent structure visuahzation, in Pesek, J.J., Leigh, l.E. (Eds.), Chemically Modified Surfaces. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1994, p. 181. 

Zaper, A.M. and Koenig, J.L. (1985). Application of solid state carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy to chemically modified surfaces. Polym. Composites 6, 156-161. 

In the previous edition of this book, Dryhurst and McAllister described carbon electrodes in common use at the time, with particular emphasis on fabrication and potential limits [1]. There have been two extensive reviews since the previous edition, one emphasizing electrode kinetics at carbon [2] and one on more general physical and electrochemical properties [3]. In addition to greater popularity of carbon as an electrode, the major developments since 1984 have been an improved understanding of surface properties and structure, and extensive efforts on chemical modification. In the context of electroanalytical applications, the current chapter stresses the relationship between surface structure and reproducibility, plus the variety of carbon materials and pretreatments. Since the intent of the chapter is to guide the reader in using commonly available materials and procedures, many interesting but less common approaches from the literature are not addressed. A particularly active area that is not discussed is the wide variety of carbon electrodes with chemically modified surfaces. 

Numerous approaches to the chemical modification of capillary surfaces, either by covalent or physical means, have been investigated and reviewed [81,83-85]. Table 6.1 summarizes the surface chemistries reported in the literature. The hydrolytic stability over a wide pH range and the reproducibility of chemically modified surfaces are of concern to those who produce and utilize these capillaries. Although polymeric coatings generally exhibit greater stability than the nonpolymeric counterparts, the issue of... 

MJ. Wirth and H.O. Fatunmbi, in Chemically Modified Surfaces, J.J. Pesek and... 

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