Training chemical warfare

Brooks FR, Ebner DG, Xenakis SN et al. (1983). Psychological reactions during chemical warfare training. Mil Med, 148, 232-235. 

Carter BJ and Cammermeyer M (1985b). Emergence of real casualties during simulated chemical warfare training. Mil Med, 150, 657-663. 

Carter BJ Cammermeyer M (1989). Human responses to simulated chemical warfare training in US Army Reserve personnel. Mil Med, 154, 281— 288. 

The effects of the reorganization were quickly felt. Within 2 years, the chemical warfare training program had been improved significantly. One junior officer described the changes ... 

Palmer JM. Chemical warfare training. Armed Forces Chemical Journal. 1930 14(6) 28. 

In these circumstances chemical warfare training is of critical importance. The major NATO countries have NBC training schools Grenoble in France, Sonthofen in West Germany, Winterbourne Gunner in Great Britain, CFB Borden in Canada, Breda in The Netherlands and Fort McClellan which was reopened in the United... 

Report on Scientific Intelligence Survey in Japan, September and October 1945 , BIOS/JAP/PR/745, pp. 3-4 Development of Chemical Warfare Training in the Japanese Air Force , BIOS/JAP/PR/186, pp. 1-2. 

Japanese Chemical Warfare Training Offensive and Defensive , BIOS/JAP/PR/685, p. 18 Intelligence Report on Japanese Chemical Warfare, vol. 1 General Organization Policies and Intentions Tactics , BIOS/JAP/PR/1338, p. 17. 

General Porter not only recommended that the GHQ Umpire Manual be revised to include chemical warfare training for all parts of the Army but he also made other proposals to increase the efficiency and capability of CWS training. He requested that the Chemical Warfare Service receive control of the entire area of Gunpowder Neck, on which Edgewood Arsenal was situated, instead of having to share it with the Ordnance Department. This need arose out of the ever-increasing demand for additional space... 

War Department directives provided that chemical warfare training should cover the fields of smoke, incendiary, and gas yet the primary concern of the CWS prior to World War II was unquestionably with gas. Since the service had been created by Congress as an answer to the military threat of toxic chemicals, the status of the CWS as an independent technical service could scarcely have been justified if it were not prepared to cope with this major menace. Fear of gas was largely fear of the unknown, and its antidote was, in large measure, to acquaint troops with toxic agents and how to counteract them. To impart such understanding was the primary training responsibility of the Chemical Warfare Service and the point of departure for the whole CWS mission. 

The Chemical Warfare School at Edgewood Arsenal was, before the war, the most important single training agency of the CWS. It was in effect the fountainhead of chemical warfare training for the Army and its teachings were closely followed in the Navy and Marine Corps. It was also to some extent a laboratory for the development of chemical warfare tactics and techniques. 

Chemical warfare training in the initial phase of partial mobilization showed slight advance beyond the normal procedures that already were in effect. But the nation s gradual girding for war during 1939 and 1940 pointed up certain basic deficiencies in the chemical preparedness program which became a matter of serious concern to the Chemical Warfare Service. 

A field interpretation and amplification of instructions on chemical warfare training appeared in a training memorandum issued by Headquarters, Sixth Corps Area, in December 1940. This monumental directive presented a complete picture of chemical warfare training as presumably undertaken in the U.S. Army at that time. The memorandum meticulously considered every detail to insure observance of all instructions that bore in any way on the subject. Full compliance would have been gratifying in the CWS since troops so trained would unquestionably have been capable of meeting any enemy who chose to resort to gas warfare. 

In the record of the Officer Candidate School one sees repeated the pattern so characteristic of other phases of chemical warfare training. The... 

Air policy on chemical warfare training at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack called for the training of all individuals and all units of the Army Air Forces in defense against chemical attack, as well as for the tactical readiness of combat units for offensive action. The instructions were comprehensive... 

This policy was outlined in Air Force Combat Command Memo 50-7 (27 Nov 41), which was superseded by AAF Regulation 135-11 (27 Jul 42), which was in turn superseded by AAF Regulation 50-25 (31 Aug 44). Chemical warfare training overseas was prescribed in Chapter 14, Booklet IV, The Air Force In Theaters of Operation, prepared by Management Control, Hqs AAF, May 1943. 

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