Chemical warfare simulants

Jenkins RA, Buchanan MV, Merriweather R, et al. 1994. Movement of chemical warfare simulants through porous media. Journal of Hazardous Materials 37(2) 303-325. 

Detection and identification of chemical warfare simulants based on multidimensional phase shaped femtosecond laser pulses coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is demonstrated. The presented approach is based on binary phase shaping (BPS) and aims to improve the accuracy and precision required for security applications. It is based on multiphoton intrapulse interference of femtosecond laser pulses. Spectra retrieved by applying n-differently shaped pulses represent n-dimensions of the analysis. We present a multidimensional technique for detection and identification of analogues to chemical agents and mixtures in real-time. Experimental results for dimethyl phosphate, pyridine, and three isomers of nitrotoluene are presented. 

LASER-IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY OF EXPLOSIVES AND CHEMICAL WARFARE SIMULANTS... 

Keywords, mass spectrometry, photoionization, explosives, chemical warfare simulants, trace species detection... 

Laser ionization mass spectrometry of explosives and chemical warfare simulants has been studied using nanosecond laser pulses. Primary ions observed in many of these studies were NO and PO, which are not unique signatures of the parent molecules. It is now widely accepted that after absorption of the first photon, the parent molecule dissociates on a time scale of about 100 femtoseconds (fs). We can attempt to compensate for this rapid dissociation by using ultrafast laser pulses of a corresponding time duration." Here we compare the nanosecond, ultrafast, and SPI approaches. 

Source Sata, U.R. and Ramkumar, S.S., 2006, Chemical warfare simulant adsorption by activated carbon nonwoveii.s for personal protection, Proceedings of the International Nonwovens Technical Conference, September 25-28, Houston, TX. 

In an application well-suited to mobility studies, organophosphate chemical warfare simulants were studied using the traveling wave approach [106]. The ability of... 

R. Ramaseshan and S. Ramakrishna, Zinc Titanate Nanofibers for the Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Simulants, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 1836-1842 (2007). 

Nanoparticles of other metal oxides, such as MgO, AI2O3, MgAl204, and VO2, were electrospun in different polymeric matrices. MgO NPs were used as inorganic fillers in polymers that are typically used to fabricate membranes (PVC, PVDF, PSU) in order to obtain nanocomposite membranes for protection against chemical warfare simulants [32]. 

Motamedhashemi, M., Egolfopoulos, F. and Tsotsis, T. (2011). Application of a Flow-Through Catalytic Membrane Reactor (FTCMR) for the Destruction of a Chemical Warfare Simulant, J. Membrane Sci., 376, pp. 119-131. 

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