Chemical warfare agents oxides

Although the inhibition-based biosensors are sensitive, they are poor in selectivity and are rather slow and tedious since the analysis involves multiple steps of reaction such as measuring initial enzyme activity, incubation with inhibitor, measurement of residual activity, and regeneration and washing. Biosensors based on direct pesticide hydrolysis are more straightforward. The OPH hydrolyzes ester in a number of organophospho-rus pesticides (OPPs) and insecticides (e.g. paraoxon, parathion, coumaphos, diazinon) and chemical warfare agents (e.g. sarin) [53], For example, OP parathion hydrolyzes by the OPH to form p-nitrophenol, which can be measured by anodic oxidation. Rainina... 

Rapid Nucleophilic/Oxidative Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." Industrial ... 

Keywords chemical warfare agents, decontamination, detoxification, human skin, chemisorption, oxidation, detergents, alcoholates, aprotic solvents... 

Tomchenko, A. A. Harmer, G. P. Marquis, B. T., Detection of chemical warfare agents using nanostructured metal oxide sensors, Sens. Actuators B. 2005, 108,41 55... 

Toxic hazards never seem as acute as other hazards in the ordnance industries, and the prevailing habits of cleanliness and orderliness go a long way toward their amelioration. The current emphasis on the maintenance of environmental standards have placed additional requirements on the control of effluent gas and liq process streams. The care now being exercised is evidenced by new analytical techniques for the detection of trace contaminants such as the presence of TNT and other aromatic nitrates in the soli and in the ground w (Ref 43), New techniques of detoxification have been developed using microwave plasma oxidation of aromatic compds, heavy metal compns and chemical warfare agents (Refs 65 81)... 

Methylphosphonic acid (MPA), a degradation product of gas chemical warfare agents, such as sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), soman or VX (0-ethy I -.S -2-di isopropyl am i noethvl methyl phosphonoth ioate), has been recognized selectively by an MIP chemosensor using potentiometric transduction (Table 6) [181]. The MIP preparation involved co-adsorption, in ethanol, of the methylphosphonic acid (MPA) template and octadecyltrichlorosilane, followed by silanization on the indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface in the chloroform-carbon tetrachloride solution at 0 °C. Subsequently, the electrode was rinsed with chloroform to remove the template. A potential shift due to the presence of MPA was significant as compared to that due to interferants like methyl parathion, dimethoate, phosdrin, malathion, etc. The linear concentration range varied from 50 pM to 0.62 M MPA at LOD as low as 50 pM and an appreciably short response time of 50 s. 

The basic experimental studies of the interactions between organophosphorus compounds and metal oxide surfaces have been carried out intensively during the last several years. Metal oxides, such as MgO, AI2O3, FeO, CaO, Ti02 a-Fe203, ZnO, and WO3, are currently under consideration as destructive adsorbents for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents [46, 47], For example, several studies have addressed adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) (a widely used model compound for the simulation of interactions of phosphate esters with a surface) on the surface of these metal oxides [48-60], In most of these works, the authors have observed that, at first, DMMP is adsorbed molecularly via hydrogen... 

C.M. Timperley, R.M. Black, M. Bird, I. Holden, J.L. Mundy and R.W. Read, Hydrolysis and oxidation products of the chemical warfare agents l,2-bis[(2-chloroethyl)thio]ethane Q and 2,2-bis(2-chloroethylthio)diethyl ether T, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon Relat. Elem., 178, 1-20 (2003). 

More recently, microemulsions have been developed for the oxidative/hydrolytic destruction of sulfanes sulfoxides) and phosphoric acid derivatives using sodium hypochlorite and cetyl-trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The compounds studied serve as model compounds for chemical warfare agents such as mustard gas [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfane] and sarin (GB i-propyl-methylphosphonofluoridate). Big stocks of these must now be destroyed after implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which came into force in April 1997 [865],... 

Smith, M.G., Stone, W., Ren-Feng, G. et al. (2008). Vesicants and oxidative stress. In Chemical Warfare Agents, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (J. Romano, Jr.,... 

Ishizaki, M., Yanaoka, T., Nakamura, M., Hakuta, T., Ueno, S., Komura, M., Shibata, M., Kitamura, T., Honda, A., Doy, M., Ishii, K., Tamaoka, A., Shimojo, N., Ogata, T., Nagasawa, E., Hanaoka, S. (2005). Detection of bis(diphenylarsine)oxide, dipbenylarsinic acid and pbenylarsonic acid, compounds probably derived from chemical warfare agents, in drinking well water. J. Health Sci. 51 130-7. 

Kato, K., Mizoi, M., An, Y., Nakano, M., Wanibuchi, H., Endo, G., Endo, Y., Hoshino, M., Okada, S., Yamanaka, K. (2007). Oral administration of diphenylarsinic acid, a degradation product of chemical warfare agents, induces oxidative and nitrosative stress in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Life Sci. 81 1518-25. 

Johnson, R.P., Hill, C.L. (1999). Polyoxometalate oxidation of chemical warfare agent simulants in fluorinated media. J. Appl. Toxicol. 19 S71-5. 

---