Chemical syntheses, green design

The welfare of the people who work with chemical products and processes is at least as important as the welfare of the environment. Green chemistry is anthropocentric (as is sustainable development). Several green chemistry principles reflect this anthropocentrism. Principles 3 (less-hazardous chemical synthesis), 4 (design of safer chemicals), 5 (safer solvents and auxiliaries), and 12 (inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention) express concern for the health of the people who handle materials or attend to processes (Anastas and Warner, 1998). While many of these safety benefits also accrue to nonhuman organisms, the focus of the principles is on the people who are exposed to these materials and methods. Inasmuch as we cannot know all of the environmental needs of nonhuman things, it is hard to imagine how the focus could be on anything else. 

ID S is synthesized by the reaction of ammonia with maleic anhydride in water. The synthesis of EDDS and IDS is also in accordance with the 3rd Principle of Green Chemistry Design Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis, although they are still not perfectly green as there still some hazardous components. This can be a difficult principle to achieve completely as many reactive chemicals in the chemist s toolbox are often hazardous. 

By measuring the toxicity of all substances used in a given chemical synthesis, we are able to address Green Chemistry Principles 3 (less hazardous chemical synthesis) and 4 (designing safer chemicals). 

The ionic liquids have already exhibited their significant role in various fields such as the organic synthesis, separation, analysis, electrochemistry, and materials, especially for the green chemical synthesis as the clean and efficient reaction medium. It is feasible to obtain the catalysts or solvents with good properties via the molecular design. 

One of the key principles of green chemistry is the elimination of solvents in chemical synthesis or the replacement of hazardous solvents with environmentally benign solvents. The development of solvent-free alternative syntheses is, of course, the best solution, especially when either one of the substrates or the product is a liquid and can be used as the natural solvent of the reaction. However, if solvents are crucial to a process, we can select from solvents that will have no or limited impact on health and the environment and the selection should be an intrinsic part of green innovation. The most important rule is that we should match the solvent properties with the synthesis objectives and then identify the best available solvent or design a new solvent. 

Green Chemistry, defined as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances (5), has been referred to as pollution prevention at the molecular level. This emerging area recognizes fiiat during the design phase of any chemical synthesis, product, or process, minimized hazard must be viewed as a performance criterion. Moreover, hazard must also be viewed as a physical/chemical property that is possible to manipulate and control at die molecular level. 

Michael s research interests focus on the design of green chemical synthesis routes, with an emphasis on the intersection of chemistry and chemical engineering. Michael is... 

DA Morgenstern, RM LeLacheur, DK Morita, SL Borkowsky, S Feng, GH Brown, L Luan, ME Gross, MJ Burk, W Tumas. Supercritical carbon dioxide as a substitute solvent for chemical synthesis and catalysis. In PT Anastas, TC Williamson, eds. Green Chemistry Designing Chemistry for the Environment. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 1996. 

A. Voutohkova, A. Perosa, M. Selva (Eds.), Green Processes (Volumes 7-9 Green Synthesis, Green Nanoscience, Designing Safer Chemicals), 2012 (4) The next book Green Products will be published in May 2015. 

Green chemistry involves design of chemical synthesis to prevent pollution and thereby, solve the environmental problems. The microwave chemistry is a current approach in green chemistry. Microwave-mediated reactions occur more rapidly, safely and in environment-friendly manner with high yields. Such reactions reduce the amount of waste products and increase the pure required products. Thus, one can conclude that microwave-mediated synthesis is a green chemical technology because microwave not only accelerate chemical processes but also improve yield, selectivity, reduces pollution and enable reaction to occur in solvent-free conditions. 

---