Chemical reactor, schematic

Figure 9-5. Schematic representation of mixing space. (Source Nauman, E. G., Chemical Reactor Design, John Wiley Sons, 1987.)...

The SIMULAR, developed by Hazard Evaluation Laboratory Ltd., is a chemical reactor control and data acquisition system. It can also perform calorimetry measurements and be employed to investigate chemical reaction and unit operations such as mixing, blending, crystallization, and distillation. Ligure 12-24 shows a schematic detail of the SIMULAR, and Ligure 12-25 illustrates the SIMULAR reaction calorimeter with computer controlled solids addition. 

Figure. 1. Schematic of essential components of the Exxon group cluster laser vaporization source and fast flow tube chemical reactor. On the far left is a 1 mm diameter pulsed nozzle that emits an -200 ysec long pulse of helium which achieves an average pressure of approximately one atmosphere above the sample rod. Immediately before the sample rod position the tube is expanded to 2 mm diameter. The length of this extender section can be varied form 6 mm to 50 mm depending upon the desired integration time for cluster growth. The reactor flow tube is 10 mm in diameter and typically 50 mm long. The reactants diluted in helium are added and mixed with the flow stream via the second pulsed valve.

Sirkar et al. (64) give an interesting overview of various functions that a membrane may play in a chemical reactor. Those functions are schematically shown in Figure 3 and summarized in Table 2. 

As discussed in Sect. 2.1, physical and mathematical models of ideal chemical reactors are based on two very simplified fluid dynamic assumptions, namely perfect mixing (BR and CSTR) and perfect immiscibility (PFR). On the contrary, in real tank reactors the stirring system produces a complex motion field made out of vortices of different dimensions interacting with the reactor walls and the internal baffles, as schematically shown in Fig. 7.2(a). As a consequence, a complex field of composition and temperature is established inside the reactor. 

Figure 12 Schematic illustrating the desired behavior of an automated chemical reactor. The user enters the desired particle properties, the black-box reactor then evaluates multiple reaction conditions until it identifies an appropriate set that yield particles with the desired properties the reactor then continues to produce particles with these properties until instructed to stop.

REX, also called reactive compounding, refers to performance of chemical reactions during the extrusion processing of polymers. In this case, an extrusion device is used as a chemical reactor instead of being used only as a processing equipment. Fig. 1 shows a schematic of a typical REX operation. 

The operation of a chemical reactor is affected by a multitude of diverse factors. In order to select, design, and operate a chemical reactor, it is necessary to identify the phenomena involved, to understand how they affect the reactor operation, and to express these effects mathematically. This section provides a brief review of the phenomena encountered in chemical reactor operations as weU as the fundamental and engineering concepts that are used to describe them. Figure 1.4 shows schematically how various fundamental and engineering concepts are combined in formulating the reactor design equations. 

Next we derive relationships between the species composition in chemical reactors to the chemical reactions taking place in them. For convenience, we distinguish between two modes of reactor operations batch operation (batch reactors) and steady continuous operation (flow reactors), shown schematically in Figure 2.1. In batch reactors, reactants are charged into the reactor and, after a certain period of time, the products are discharged from the reactor hence, the chemical reactions take place over time. In steady-flow reactors, reactants are continuously fed into the reactor, and products are continuously withdrawn from the reactor outlet hence, the chemical reactions take place over space. 

A bioreactor or fennenter is a chemical reactor in which microbes (e.g., bacteria or yeast) act on an organic material (referred to as a substrate) to produce additional microbes and other desired or undesired products. A schematic diagram of a bioreactor is - given in Fig. 15.9-1. Mass balances for a biochemical reactor or fermenter are slightly... 

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the STM operating inside a high pressure chemical reactor which is attached to a UHV surface characterization chamber.

The size or volume of chemical reactors varies widely. Reactor volumes can range from hundreds of nanoliters for combinatorial, lab-on-a-chip reactor systems, to several hundred thousand liters for certain petroleum refining operations. In the combinatorial reactors, one is interested in determining if a reaction proceeds and in minimizing the scale of the experiment so many combinations or conditions can be screened rapidly. Figure 1.6 presents a schematic view of 1 pi test reactors that are used for combinatoria screening of heterogeneous catalysts. 

A steady-flow chemical reactor (e.g., the burner in a household water heater) is shown schematically in Fig. 4.7. At steady, horizontal, low-velocity flow, the energy balance for this reactor is... 

Figure 5-22. General schematic of plasma-chemical microwave reactor (1) magnetron, (2) quartz tube, plasma-chemical reactor, (3) complex microwave tuning system, (4) calorimetric load, (5) CO2 gas inlet, (6) and (12) gas flow meters, (7) and (10) manometers, (8) gas flow control, (9) liquid nitrogen trapping system, (11) gas sampling system.

Figure 6-11. Schematic of plasma-chemical microwave system with magnetic field (1) plasma-chemical reactor (2) converter of type of electromagnetic wave (3, 4) solenoids (5) vacuum pump (6) liquid nitrogen trap (7) refrigerator, (8) gas tanks (9) control volumes (10) vacuum-meter (11, 12) differential manometers (13) waveguide branching system (14) spectrograph (15, 16) microwave detectors (17) semi-transparent mirror (18) photo-electronic amplifier (M) magnetron microwave source (K) klystron microwave source (S) window for diagnostics.

Figure 7-21. Schematic of RF-ICP discharge system for production of silicon monoxide (1) discharge chamber (2) inductor (3) tangential gas inlet (4) water-cooled feeding system for initial product injection (5)chemical reactor (6) filter (7) vibrator (8) tank with initial product ...

Figure 10-46. Schematic of the 1 MW plasma-chemical reactor for H2S treatment in Orenburg.

Figure 12.18 Schematic of a hypothetical thermodynamic process for determining heat effects associated with a chemical reactor. Since ideal-gas enthalpies are independent of pressure, we do not need to specify pressures for the ideal-gas states (2)-(5).

Figure 12.2 Schematic of some possible forms of catalyst pellets, the smallest chemical reactor [9].

Figure 2A1 Anodic protection of a chemical reactor using a potentiostat and a reference electrode (schematic).

In practice, electrochemical protection by passivation is far less often used than cathodic protection. The method has notably been applied in the chemical industry to anodically protect chemical reactors made of steel or stainless steel, since it is well suited for non-coated surfaces. Figure 12.47 shows a schematic drawing of a three-electrode set up used for the anodic protection of the interior walls of a chemical reactor. 

Figure 38 Steam-jacketed immersion optic (a) Schematic of a steam-jacket immersion optic for use with an imaging probe head suitable for interfacing to a production chemical reactor. The external focusing drive assembly allows the focal position of the probe optic to be varied by adjusting the distance between the internal moveable lens and the sapphire window, (b) Photograph of a commercial steam-jacketed immersion optic, (c) Schematic of a similar probe head enclosure showing the location of an optional air-purge system for cooling the probe head. (Reproduced with permission from Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc.)...

Figure 7.1 shows schematically a chemical reactor with the heat (sources and sinks) contributions that play a role in the overall energy balance of the reactor. 

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