Chemical reactions of polymers

Chemical reactions of polymer intermediate during polymerisation and/or cross-linking. This is important with polyurethanes. 

E. M. Fettes, (ed.). Chemical Reactions of Polymers, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1964). 

The Chemical analysis of polymers is very similar to the Chemical analysis of low Molecular weight organic compounds, if we make suitable modification to ensure solubility or the availability of sites for reaction (e.g., insoluble specimens should be ground to expose a large surface area). The general methods used for functional group and elemental analysis are applicable. Chemical reactions of polymers also provide means of Chemical analysis, as also their reactions of degradation. 

E.M. Fettes, "Chemical Reactions of Polymers", Interscience Publ., New York, 1964, Chap. II. 

This chapter describes many of the important reactions of polymers. Synthesis and curing (cross-linking) of polymers and telomerization are chemical reactions of polymers that have been discussed in previous chapters. 

B-64MI11100 J. LeBras, R. Pautrat and C. Pinazzi Chemical Reactions of Polymers , ed. 

E. M. Fettes Ed., Chemical reactions of polymers. New York Chap. 1. Interscience 1964. Ovetbetger, C. G., Salamone, J. C., and Yaroslavsky, S. Specific catalytic action of lage molecules containing imidazole groups. Pure AppL Chem. 15,4S3 (1967). 

Chemical reactions of polymers, vol. XIX. of High Polymers. New York Interscience Publ. Inc. 1964. 

Reactive processing is limited to polymerization or chemical reactions of polymers in conventional singlescrew or twin-screw extruders, excluding processes in oscillatory kneaders, Banbury-type continuous mixers, or Diskpack equipment. Emphasis is placed on continuous processes that have been implemented commercially or that can serve as models for commercial purposes. 

It is quite useful to have some basic understanding of the chemical reactions of polymers with acids and other corrosive chemicals while designing a lining compound. An exhaustive study although inevitable in the context of rubber lining can only be made as a separate topic which is not within the scope of this book. However some typical reactions of polymers with some important chemicals are described next. 

If, after the polymer has been formed, a transformation of one structure into another is possible (e.g., formation of an amorphous polymer with its subsequent crystallization), the kinetic characteristics of these transformations will, in their turn, exert the determining effect on the final structure of the polymer. Specifically, the supramolecular structure of a polymer produced in the course of its synthesis will change, depending on the relationship between the rates of three processes (1) chemical reaction of polymer formation, (2) isolation of polymer in a separate phase, (3) structural transformations inside the polymer phase. In the latter two processes, a significant role is played by the ratio between the rates of the formation and growth of the nuclei of one phase inside the other. This is the kinetic aspect of the problem of controlling the polymer structures during synthesis. 

Wichlatz, J., 1964. In Fetters, M. (Ed.), Chemical Reaction of Polymers. Interscience, New York (Chapter 2). 

Abstract ESR spectroscopic applications to polymer science are presented. ESR parameters used for the molecular and material characterization of polymer materials are reviewed. It is emphasized that ESR studies of the polymer science are particularly effective in three areas. (1) Intermediate species such as free radicals produced in chemical reactions of polymer materials can be directly detected. (2) The temperature dependent ESR spectra of free radicals trapped in the polymer matrices are very effective for the evaluation of molecular mobility (molecular motion) of polymer chains. (3) The mobility of electron, the structure of solitons, and the doping behavior in conduction polymers can be observed in detail in order to clarify the mechanism of conduction. 

Direct detection of intermediate species in chemical reactions of polymer materials, (a) The identification and the structure of the initiating and propagating radicals and the kinetics of the formation are important for clarifying polymerization mechanisms, (b) The free radicals formed by irradiation of polymers with ionizing... 

G. D. Jones, in Chemical Reactions of Polymers (E.M. Fetters, ed.), Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1964. British Pat. 811,848 (April 15,1959) Chem. Abstr., 53,23100f (1951). 

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