Line Compounding

FIGURE 30.4 Stream effects along a tread band compounding line. 

FIGURE 30.11 Sampling along a compounding line for a filled ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) compound curatives addition on open mill. 

Data in Table 30.1 clearly show that, whatever the position of the test sample along the compounding line, there is a substantial difference between run 1 and run 2 data, particularly in what the linear modulus data are concerned. However, G is an extrapolated value and quite unrealistic values are obtained on certain samples, e.g., TR and AA, and it might be safer to consider modulus variations along the compounding line by using the (recalculated) complex modulus at 10% strain (Figure 30.13). 

FIGURE 30.13 Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) compounding variation of complex modulus at 10% strain along the compounding line Gj q5j values calculated with fit parameters given in Table 30.1. 

FIGURE 30.25 Mixing silica-filled compound singularity in harmonic content versus strain amplitude curves variation along the compounding line. 

FIGURE 30.26 Mixing silica-filled compound quarter cycle integrations of (average) torque signal variation of Q1/Q2 ratio along the compounding line. 

The chemistry of living processes is complex, and many carbon-based molecules found in living organisms have extremely complicated stmctures. Because of this complexity, chemists have developed line structures, which are compact representations of the stmctural formulas of carbon compounds. Line structures are constructed according... 

Seams can be soldered, welded, cemented, treated with solutions, compound lined, dry, etc. Seams can be one piece drawn, stamped, or pressed. They may be drawn and wall ironed (DWI) or drawn and redrawn (DRD). Seams may be treated by impact extrusion (rigid and flexible, e.g., collapsible aluminum tubes are annealed). 

Common Problems for Melt-Fed Extruders on Compounding Lines... 

Figure 11.7 Affinity versus heavy atom count for selected compounds. Lines illustrate profiles at fixed ligand efficiency (0.35, 0.30, 0.25) over the range of affinity and heavy atom count. Point A designates an idealized compound with 36 heavy atoms (approximate MW 500 Da ) and affinity 10 nM). Numbers correspond to compounds described in the text.

As illustrated in Fig. 4.4, nitrogen chemical shifts cover a range of about 1000 ppm and make 14N and 1SN very useful nuclides for distinguishing structural features. Both nuclides have very low inherent sensitivity, about 10-3 as great as that for H. 14N is over 99% naturally abundant, but it has large quadrupole moment, which often leads to rapid relaxation and very broad lines, as we shall see in Chapter 8. Nevertheless, in many compounds line widths are narrow enough to allow discrimination between chemically shifted environments. 15N has a spin of V2, hence no quadrupole moment, but its natural abundance of less than 0.4% makes direct observation difficult at natural abundance. However, isotopic enrichment and/or the use of indirect detection methods (discussed in Chapter 10) permits relatively facile study of 15N, particularly in two- and three-dimensional NMR. 

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