Chemical processes plastics

Prior to 1975, reaction of mixed butenes with syn gas required high temperatures (160—180°C) and high pressures 20—40 MPa (3000—6000 psi), in the presence of a cobalt catalyst system, to produce / -valeraldehyde and 2-methylbutyraldehyde. Even after commercialization of the low pressure 0x0 process in 1975, a practical process was not available for amyl alcohols because of low hydroformylation rates of internal bonds of isomeric butenes (91,94). More recent developments in catalysts have made low pressure 0x0 process technology commercially viable for production of low cost / -valeraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, and isovaleraldehyde, and the corresponding alcohols in pure form. The producers are Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastic Company Inc., BASF, Hoechst AG, and BP Chemicals. 

Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. is the only producer of C-5 oxo derived alcohols (148,150) in the United States. About 75% of the 30,000 t of valeraldehyde and 2-methylbutyraldehyde produced by the oxo process was converted to the isomeric mixture of primary amyl alcohols in 1988 (150). The primary amyl alcohol mixture was available in tank car quantities for 1.02/kg in 1991. The Dow Chemical Company appears to have stopped commercial production of / fZ-amyl alcohol (151). 

Nonoxide fibers, such as carbides, nitrides, and carbons, are produced by high temperature chemical processes that often result in fiber lengths shorter than those of oxide fibers. Mechanical properties such as high elastic modulus and tensile strength of these materials make them excellent as reinforcements for plastics, glass, metals, and ceramics. Because these products oxidize at high temperatures, they are primarily suited for use in vacuum or inert atmospheres, but may also be used for relatively short exposures in oxidizing atmospheres above 1000°C. 

Figure 16. Plastic Pall Ring. Note Ballast Ring of Glitsch, Inc. is quite similar. (By permission Notion Chemical Process Products Corporation.)...

Ribbon blenders are essentially self-contained mixers. They are employed in a variety of solid-liquid, solid-solid, and liquid-liquid blending applications in the chemical process industries. Examples include plastics, pigments, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, confectionary. 

Plastics are highly resistant to a variety of chemicals. They have a high strength per unit weight of material therefore, they are of prime importance to the designer of chemical process equipment. Their versatility in properties has provided new and innovative designs of equipment. They are excellent substitutes for expensive nonferrous metals. 

Many chemical products are produced from crude oil. Initially, little chemistry was involved therefore the petrochemicals were not considered part of the chemical process industry. Today, materials ranging from specialised fuels, plastics and synthetics makes it part of the chemical processing, The petroleum refinery is where the chemical processing of oil begins. 

To develop a terse, broad description of mechanical, physical, and chemical processes in solids, this book is divided into five parts. Part I contains one chapter with introductory material. Part II summarizes aspects of mechanical responses of shock-compressed solids and contains one chapter on materials descriptions and one on experimental procedures. Part III describes certain physical properties of shock-compressed solids with one chapter on such effects under elastic compression and one chapter on effects under elastic-plastic conditions. Part IV describes work on chemical processes in shock-compressed solids and contains three chapters. Finally, Part V summarizes and brings together a description of shock-compressed solids. The information contained in Part II is available in much better detail in other reliable sources. The information in Parts III and IV is perhaps presented best in this book. 

Figure 1-26. Partial presentation of piping materials specifications for a specific process service. By permission, Borden Chemicals and Plastics, Operating Limited Partnership. (Figure continued on next page)...

Figure 9-6H. Plastic pall ring. Note Glitsch Ballast Ring and others are quite similar. Used by permission of Norton Chemical Process Products Corp., Bull. DC-11 and PTP-1 (11/87).

Figure 9-15B. Typical metal hold-down plate for use with ceramic or carbon packing. Note It rests directly on top of the packing bed-limiters are similar in design in metal or plastic, bolted to column wall above packing. Used by permission Norton Chemical Process Products Corp., Bull. TA-80.

Figure 18-10 summarizes the successive oxidation products that can be obtained from alcohols. When the hydroxyl group, OH, is attached on an end carbon atom, an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid can be obtained through oxidation. When the hydroxyl group is on a carbon atom attached to two other carbon atoms, oxidation gives a ketone. Huge amounts of aldehydes and ketones are used industrially in a variety of chemical processes. Furthermore, these functional groups are important in chemical syntheses of medicines, dyes, plastics, and fabrics. 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most important commercial thermoplastic polyesters, which has been on the market since 1977 and is widely used in both industrial and household applications. Under specific conditions, plastics can be converted into their primary components for use in other chemical processes by chemical recycling. PET is a thermoplastic, and so recycling by chemical methods, which converts it into primary components, can be achieved. This study examines the optimal routes of the existing chemical methods. For chemical recycling, acidic hydrolysis is used and PET is converted into terephthalic acid (TPA) and... 

Radiation-induced modification or processing of a polymer is a relatively sophisticated method than conventional thermal and chemical processes. The radiation-induced changes in polymer materials such as plastics or elastomers provide some desirable combinations of physical and chemical properties in the end product. Radiation can be applied to various industrial processes involving polymerization, cross-linking, graft copolymerization, curing of paints and coatings, etc. 

Iron has been the dominant structural material of modem times, and despite the growth in importance of aluminum and plastics, iron still ranks first in total use. Worldwide production of steel (iron strengthened by additives) is on the order of 700 million tons per year. The most important iron ores are two oxides, hematite (Fc2 O3) and magnetite (Fc3 O4). The production of iron from its ores involves several chemical processes that take place in a blast furnace. As shown in Figure 20-22. this is an enormous chemical reactor where heating, reduction, and purification all occur together. 

In Russia in the 1960s, an industrial production of sebacic acid, HCOOC (CH2)4 COOH (an important intermediate for different plastics), was started which involves the anodic condensation of monomethyl adipate CH300C(CH2)4C00 . Dimethyl sebacate is obtained via the scheme of (15.58), and then hydrolyzed in autoclaves to the final product. Methanol is used as a solvent to lower the rates of side reactions. The reaction occurs with current yields attaining 75% and with chemical yields (degrees of utilization of the original adipate) of 82 to 84% (Vassihev et al., 1982). Upon introduction of this process it was no longer necessary to use castor oil, an expensive raw material that was needed to produce sebacic acid by the chemical process. 

Large quantities are used as a raw material in the chemical process industry, especially for urea across C02 reaction with NH3 and later dehydration of the formed carbamate. Urea is the product most used as agricultural fertiliser. It is used in feed for ruminants, as carbon cellulose explosives stabiliser in the manufacture of resins and also for thermosetting plastic products, among others. 

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