Historical aspects chemical kinetics

V. A. Kritsman, G. E. Zaikov, and N. M. Emanuel , Chemical kinetics and chain reactions historical aspects, English translation Nova Science, Commack, 1995, ISBN 1560721669, Section VII-2 (many references to Russian work). 

Emanuel, N. M. Zaikov, G. E. Kritsman, V. A. In Chemical Kinetics and Chain Reactions. Historical Aspects, New York Nova Science Publishers, 1992 625 pp. 

The subject of the chemical synthesis of formose sugars, including the historical background, the results of kinetic studies and a rdsumd of biological tests, have been summarized by Mizuno and Weiss.Some chemical aspects of the formose reaction have also been surveyed in Japanese papers." The review " covers the literature up to 1971, which roughly coincides with the period covered in the previous report in this series. In the subsequent years, efforts have been continued to evaluate the influence of various factors affecting the yield and composition of the formose sugars. 

As a direct consequence of the particular role of Dynamics, as such,in the study of non-equilibrium behaviour of chemical systems, two classes of models are to be considered, depending on which aspect one is insisting on. Formal models, of mathematical or chemical-like nature, are designed to exhibit specific dynamical behaviours, without too much concern about chemical significance. Their aim is to provide examples of evolution equations of chemical reacting systems, as described by mass action kinetics, that are able to produce those exotic behaviours, such as bistability or multistability, between various types of attractors, like steady states, oscillations or deterministic chaos. A typical historical model of that kind is the "Brusselator ... 

This chapter presents an overview of the different aspects of catalysis as a science, and aims to provide a general background to the reader. In order to understand catalysis as it is today, it is important to have a sense of its historic origin, and of developments in related fields such as thermodynamics, kinetics, and chemical engineering. Although catalysis as a chemical reactivity phenomenon was well known in the nineteenth century, the field developed mainly in the twentieth century. 

While physical modeling has been important historically, and is still a central part of chemical education and some investigations in stereochemistry, contemporary chemical models are almost always mathematical. Families of partially overlap>-ping, partially incompatible models such as the valence bond, molecular orbital, and semi-empirical models are used to explain and predict molecular structure and reactivity. Molecular mechanical models are used to explain some aspects of reaction kinetics and transport processes. And lattice models are use to explain thermodynamic properties such as phase. These and other mathematical models are ubiquitous in chemistry textbooks and articles, and chemists see them as central to chemical theory. 

In this chapter, these thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of passivity are presented after a brief historical survey The following section discusses the electrode kinetics in the passive state. Next the chemical composition and chemical structure of passive films form on pure mefals are reviewed wifh an emphasis on iron. This is followed by a compilation of data for binary alloys. The elecfronic properties of passive layers are fhen discussed, and the last section covers the structural aspects of passivify. 

Several reviews of the chemical laser literature have appeared, but until quite recently no discussion was available which documented the engineering development of specific laser devices. Fortunately the Handbook of Chemical Lasers has recently appeared which reviews the detailed historical development of the chemical laser field and provides specific discussion of virtually every type of chemical laser that had been developed by the end of 1974. This book also provides general discussions of the optical, kinetic, and gas dynamic aspects of chemical laser operation. The present review is restricted primarily to discussions of the use of the chemical laser in the laboratory and of current research directed toward the discovery of new chemical laser systems. No attempt is made here to provide a complete bibliography of the chemical laser literature since 1974 the Handbook of Chemical Lasers should be consulted for references prior to 1974. 

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