Chemical feedstock, history

Chemical concepts of catalytic cracking, 4 1 Chemical feedstock, history, 30 161-162 Chemical shift, 42 120-122 anisotropy, 33 204-205, 42 123-124 computational chemistry, 42 129-137 molecular structure and, 42 129-133 tensor, 42 124-125, 133-135 theoretical calculations, 42 133-137 theory, 42 122-129 in XAS, 34 228, 231-232 to describe change in Fermi energy of metal, 34 232... 

Butanol as a Fuel and Chemical Feedstock History of ABE Fermentation Physiology of Clostridial ABE Fermentation... 

This section describes batchwise fixed-bed adsorbers in which the adsorbent is replaced with fresh material, or removed and regenerated after it is exhausted, then reinstalled. Commercial examples include columns used for chemical feedstock purification, decolorizing solutions, and wastewater treatment. The goal is generally to employ material balance and rate equations to predict adsorber performance, possibly to analyze experimental data (e.g., breakthrough curves and temperature histories), to diagnose problems, or to assess properties or conditions. Unfortunately, various conditions often result in nearly identical behavior, so diagnosing causes may be difficult. 

Key contents of a purchase profile report for a specific chemical are identity, location, and capacity of primary vendors expected additions or deletions of capacity and their timing captive use/merchant supply status of each vendor pricing history pricing induences (feedstock, energy, etc) demand by use and anticipated growth and demand in the purchaser company up to five or ten years ahead. 

In Chapter 2 we sketched the processes by which petroleum is refined and polyester is made from petroleum fractions and natural gas liquids. In Chapter 3 we sketched the history of the major petrochemical companies and looked at several important single-reaction systems. In this chapter we will consider the evolution of feedstocks and intermediates in the petroleum and chemical industries. 

In the previous chapters we described the history of the petroleum and chemical industries through the evolution of the companies that produce these feedstocks and intermediates. In this chapter we describe the highhghts of these transitions and the chemical reactors that have implemented them. 

The introductory section (Chapter 1) presents a brief survey of the history of industrial heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. The survey shows that the availability of the feedstocks has had a decisive influence on the catalysts that have been developed. In some instances the chemical leads for new catalysts have lain dormant in the literature for a number years before they were developed into industrial processes. Subsequently (Chapter 2) a very limited selection of current industrial catalytic processes is described. These include the... 

Terpenoids are also put to uses for which their physical or chemical properties suit them but which are not the uses for which nature originally intended them. Rubber is a polymer of isoprene which is produced in the rubber tree as a defensive secretion but is widely used by humans because of its elastic properties. Turpentine has a long history of use as a solvent, particularly for paints and, similarly, lac resin as varnish. Nowadays, turpentine is also used as a feedstock for the synthesis of other materials of commercial interest, in addition to a wide variety of fragrance ingredients. 

Peter Spitz, Petrochemicals The Rise of an Industry (New York John Wiley Sons, 1988), p. 514. V. M. Walsh, J. F. Townsend, B. G. Achilladelis and C. Freeman, Trends in invention and innovation in the chemical industry, reached similar conclusions about the importance of demand and feedstocks (see page 5.20). By contrast, Achilladelis played down the importance of feedstocks in his thesis see Process Innovation in the Chemical Industry, p. 245. The Krauch family form an impressive dynasty. Carl Heinrich s grandfather, also called Carl, was a pharmacist and production manager at Merck (Darmstadt). See Heine Verstand Shicksal, p. 98, and H. Benniga, A History of Lactic Acid Manufacture (Dordrecht Kluwer, 1990), pp. 129-134, 153. 

Biomass has been widely utilised throughout human history to provide important products including pharmaceutical products, dyes, flavours and fragrances. More recently, the conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals has received considerable attention as an alternative to petrochemical feedstocks. 

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