Chemical bath coating

Lee, L.H. and Ha, J.S. (2014) Deposition behavior and characteristics of hydroxyapatite coatings on A1203, Ti, and Ti6Al4V formed by a chemical bath method. 

Alhebshi, N. A., R. B. Rakhi, and H. N. Alshareef. 2013. Conformal coating of Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes on carbon fibers by chemical bath deposition for efficient supercapacitor electrodes. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1 14897-14903. 

Electroless nickel plating is used to deposit a coating of nickel or nickel alloy on a substrate. It relies on the presence of a reducing agent that reacts with the metal ions to deposit metal. This process uses a unique chemical bath without any electrical current. The bath chemistry is constantly replenished during the plating process. 

The surface finishing process where hexavalent chromium ion would be issued (used) is mostly for chromate conversion treatment. Chromate is a chemical conversion coating process. This means that the surface finishing is by chemical reactions between chemical agents and materials. The chromate conversion treatment uses a chromate bath composed of hexavalent chromium ions. Currently trivalent chromate and some topcoats are used. 

Metal chalcogenides of general formula, MX(M = Cd, Zn, etc. X = S,Se,orTe)are important in a variety of appKcations ranging from solar cells to chemical/biological sensors. While thin films of these materials can be prepared by many methods (e.g. vacuum evaporation, chemical bath deposition), electrodeposition is an attractive alternative because of its simplicity, low cost, ambient temperature operation (and consequently the absence of interlayer diffusion), and its amenability to large and irregular area coatings [1]. 

Liquid-phase deposition is a method for the non-electrochemical production of polycrystalline ceramic films at low temperatures, along with other aqueous solution methods [chemical bath deposition (CBD), successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR), and electroless deposition (ED) with catalyst] has been developed as a potential substitute for vapor-phase and chemical-precursor systems. The method involves immersion of a substrate in an aqueous solution containing a precursor species (commonly a fluoro-anion) which hydrolyzes slowly to produce a supersaturated solution of the desired oxide, which then precipitates preferentially on the substrate surface, producing a conformal coating... 

More recently, ZnS-coated PS nanocomposite colloids were synthesized by the chemical bath deposition technique of thioacetamide in the presence of PS seed particles and metal salt [197], It allowed deposition of high refractive index ZnS shells of controlled thickness onto sulfate-modified and plain PS cores of size of about 200-500 nm. In order to prevent aggregations of PS particles, PVP was added during the reaction. The effective refractive index of the ZnS shell-PS core (PS/ZnS) composite particles varied between 1.73 and 1.98 at wavelengths above the optical absorption edge of ZnS. The porosity of the shells was between 12 and 19%, and the core-shell colloids served as building blocks for self-assembly at the submicron length scale [197]. 

Spin/dip/spray coating, inkjet printing, chemical bath, etc. 

ZnO is one of the materials most commonly used as the ETL in OSCs owing to its attractive electrical properties, low work function, ease of preparation and good air stability. The low work function of ZnO allows the ETL to form ohmic contact with the active layers and ZnO is compatible with simple chemical bath methods such as roll-to-roll coating. It is a non-toxic semiconductor and has a wide bandgap of 3.37 eV. ... 

A relatively high efficiency device was prepared by Itzhaik et al. using SbiSa (stibnite) as the absorber. The band gap of SbiSs, 1.7-1.8 eV, is similar to that of CdSe. The device was assembled with a compact TiOi blocking layer, deposited by spin coating a 1-2 pm TiOi porous layer (25 nm particles) a 1 nm buffer layer of Inx(OH)j,S to prevent oxidation of the absorber by TiOi, deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) from 102(804)3 and thioacetamide a 5-10 nm layer of Sb2S3 deposited by... 

Coating NiO has not been so successful. To avoid the barrier that a uniform coat of NiO with a metal could rise for the lithium transport, a composite NiO/Co-P has been synthesized with NiO particles 200 nm in size, and 30 nm thick granular plating particles of Co-P [518]. This anode delivered the discharge and charge capacities 560 and 540 mAh g, respectively, after 50 cycles at current density 100 mA g . At the higher current densities of 200, 500, and 1000 mA g, the reversible capacities were 560,480, and 270 mAh g, respectively. Among NiO/Ni composites [519-521], the best results over 50 cycles have been found on self-supported nickel-coated NiO arrays prepared by chemical bath depositiOTi of NiO flake arrays... 

Peroxide oxidant coating Does not meet salt spray lequifemeni Poor adhesion Unstable chemical baths... 

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