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Pressure drop due to hydrostatic head can be calculated from hquid holdup B.]. For nonfoaming dilute aqueous solutions, R] can be estimated from f i = 1/[1 + 2.5(V/E)(pi/pJ ]. Liquid holdup, which represents the ratio of liqmd-only velocity to actual hquid velocity, also appears to be the principal determinant of the convective coefficient in the boiling zone (Dengler, Sc.D. thesis, MIT, 1952). In other words, the convective coefficient is that calciilated from Eq. (5-50) by using the liquid-only velocity divided by in the Reynolds number. Nucleate boiling augments conveclive heat transfer, primarily when AT s are high and the convective coefficient is low [Chen, Ind Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 5, 322 (1966)]. 

Heywood [Heywood, Symposium on Paiticle Size Analysis, lust. Chem. Engrs. (1 7), Suppl. 25, 14] recognized that the word shape refers to two distinc t charac teiistics of a particle—form and proportion. The first defines the degree to which the particle approaches a definite form such as cube, tetr edron, or sphere, and the second by the relative proportions of the particle which distinguish one cuboid, tetrahedron, or spheroid from another in the same class. He replaced historical quahtative definitions of shape by numerical shape coefficients. 

A word of advice that we ll repeat on occasion biological molecules are often larger and more complex in appearance than the molecules chem ists work with in the laboratory, but don t be intimidated. When looking at any chemical transformation, focus only on the part of the molecule where the change is occurring and don t worry about the rest. The tertiary carbocation just pictured looks complicated, but all the chemistry is taking place in the small part of the molecule inside the red circle. 

The synthesis and study of dendrimers is a relatively new branch of macro-molecular chemistry. It began in 1985 with the publication of two landmark papers (D.A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. Dewald, J.M. Hall, G. Kallos, R. Martin and J. Ryder, Polym. J., 1985,17,117-132 and G.R. Newkome, Z. Yao, G.R. Baker and V.K. Gupta, J. Org. Chem., 1985, 50, 2003-2004), and has grown to become a very vibrant research field. The word dendrimer comes from the Greek word dendra, meaning tree, and was applied to these compounds by Tomalia et al. in their very first paper. Newkome s team, by contrast, called their molecules arborols from the Latin word arbor, which also means a tree. The term cascade molecule has also been used, but the word dendrimer is the one that is used most widely throughout the literature, and is also used in the present chapter. 

We thank Dr. D. R. Marshall (University College of North Wales) for constructive help in compiling this review and for his general contributions to our understanding of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-diazepines and their salts we have in places unashamedly plagiarized his words, and conversations over the years have contributed much to the review. We also thank Dr. S. Mesher for Chem Drawing the formulae. 

If the deton wave is a shock wave initiating chem reaction and continuously supported by energy thus set free, then it must be protected against the rarefaction which will always follow. This is impossible, if the velocity of small disturbances behind the wave is greater than that of the wave itself. In other words, if (a ) is the velocity of sound at Xj relative to the fluid there, (which itself moves with velocity Wj), and if ai+Wf exceeds the wave cannot be steady but must loose velocity. If a + is less than D, the wave can apparently remain steady. However, the condition a + W < D must, by reason of continuity, persist some little way into Xj Xs, say up to a section X1 (not shown in Fig 5). Then the chem energy released within X Xp can have no influence on what happens ahead of X and is therefore ineffective from the point of view of supporting the wave front. 

Key words Drug discovery, chem-informatics, molecular design, combinatorial chemistry, combinatorial library, synthesis protocol, PGVL, reactant, product, enumeration, filtering integration, workflow, streamline, desktop tool, software deployment. 

Because the resonating system does not have a structure intermediate between those involved in the resonance, but instead a structure that is further changed by the resonance stabilization, I prefer not to use the word mesomerism, suggested by In gold in 1933 for the resonance phenomenon (C. K. In gold, /. Chem. Soc., 1933 1120). 

Anderson, J.G. (1995) Laboratory studies of atmospheric heterogeneous chemistry, in Progress and Problems in Atmospheric Chemistry, Adv. Ser. Phys. Chem., Vol. 3, J.B. Barker ed., Word Scientific Publ. Co, Singapore, 744-770. 

Y h Mark L. Campbell, "Having Fun with the Metric System," J. Chem. Educ., Vol. 68,1991,1048. A word game. 

It is unfortunate that the word "doping" has crept into the language of polymeric organic conductors. This is a misnomer since it does not mean lattice substitution as it applies to current semiconductors science but oxidation or reduction of an electron-rich or electron-deficient chain of atoms. That the atom-chain does not need to consist of ir-bonded elements was shown recently by West. West, R. David, L.D., Djurovich, P.I., Sterley, K.L., Srinivasan, K.S.V., Yu, H.J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 7352. 

The word "form is used here for lack of a better term. The proper word would have been morphology but it has recently assumed a different connotation in polymer science it usually refers to the microstructure as observed through an electron microscope. The "traditional" concern about fabricability of poly(acetylene) may no longer be a factor if the work of Aldissi and Liepins (Aldissi, M., Liepins, R. Chem. Commun. 

Although in the author s opinion it works well in chemistry, the disorder concept can lead to misunderstanding a discussion of such popular misconceptions of entropy is given by Lambert EL (1999) J Chem Educ 76 1385. Related discussions can be invoked on the web with the words Lambert entropy ... 

Me there is, in other words, no activation energy involved in the chem-... 

Although several of Peter s students and collaborators have written chapters for Reviews in Computational Chemistry, Peter s association with the book series was a review he wrote about Volume 13. As a tribute to Peter, we would like to quote a few words from this book review, which appeared in /. Med. Chem., 43 (11), 2290 (2000). While always objective in his evaluation, Peter was also generous in praise of the individual chapters ( a beautiful piece of pedagogy, timely and interesting, valuable, and an enjoyable read ). He had these additional comments which we shall treasure ... 

The word hypervalent originates with J. I. Musher, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 8, 54 (1969). However, it must be immediately acknowledged, as did Musher himself, that qualifying species such as PC15 go back to the earliest years of chemistry as a synthetic and structural discipline. 

Do not get confused by the two uses of the word amide in chemistry. Both the carbonyl compound and the ionic base formed by deprotonating an amine are known as amides. From the context it should be clear which is meant—most of the time chem ists (at least organic chemists ) mean the carbonyl compound. 

Marchand, Chem. Intell. p. 10 (Marchand quoting Eaton s words). 

Part II Heterogeneous Catalysis, Burwell Jr., R.L., Pure Appl Chem. 46 (1976) 71-90. Appendix III—Electrochemical Nomenclature, Pure Appl Chem. 37 (1974) 499-516. Appendix IV—Notation for States and Processes, Significance of the Word Standard in Chemical Thermodynamics, and Remarks on Commonly Tabulated Forms of Thermodynamic Functions, Cox, J.D., Pure Appl. Chem. 54 (1982) 1239-1250. 

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