Charge neutralization liquid

An additional example of the flexibility of the [ ER3 2Cu(QR )2M(QR )2] architecture to direct adjustment of these precursors are the SSPs 7 and 8, which represent the first liquid single-source precursors for the deposition of CuInS2.1 An added benefit of a charge neutral liquid precursor is the potential for greater solubility in nonpolar organic solvents and the possibility of direct... 

For diffusion in liquid electrolytes such as molten salts, two forces acting on an ion of interest should be taken into account the gradient of the chemical potential and the charge neutrality. Thus the electrochemical potential rather than the chemical potential should be the driving force for diffusion. 

Liquid carbon dioxide is decomposed efficiently by ionizing radiation79. The decreased radiation stability of the liquid phase compared to the gas phase has been attributed to the much smaller contribution of ion-molecule reactions to radiolysis in the condensed phase, where an efficient geminate charge neutralization process is likely to minimize the occurrence of such processes. Ion-molecule reactions are probably responsible for the rapid reoxidation observed in the gas phase. The yields of CO, 02 and 03 from the y-radiolysis of liquid C02 can be... 

J. L. Jackson, Charge neutrality in electrolytic solutions and the liquid junction potential J. Phys. Chem., 78 (1974), pp. 2060-2064. 

The liquid phase is free of Na+ and the functional groups of the resin are converted to a sodium salt. Multivalent cations are removed in a similar manner. Electric charge neutrality must be maintained in both the liquid and solid phases. 

As-synthesized Na-ZSM-5, which possesses an isostructure with TPA-ZSM-5, exhibits a hexagonal-lath-shaped morphology. Liquid phase Sil /A Oo ratio is important in controlling the formation of Na-ZSM-5 and mordenite, and the silica source influences the liquid phase composition. High yield of Na-ZSM-5 is obtained only when a small-sized silica sol is employed. A linear relationship between Na/Al starting atomic ratio and the nucleation rate indicates that charge neutralization of SBU is required for zeolite crystallization. 

Kinetics of Positive-Charge and Electron Scavenging and the Kinetics of Charge Neutralization in the Radiolysis of Dielectric Liquids. J. Chem. Phys. 46, 2822 (1967). 

Research done in the author s laboratory indicates that the processes described nearly, but not completely, neutralize the metal ion s charge. Polar water molecules are added as adducts around the chelate, the ion association complex or the micelle as necessary to complete the charge neutralization process as shown in the diagram at the top of the next page. This produces a neutral molecule that is hydrophilic and tends to stay in the aqueous layer. If a suitable organic liquid is added, these molecules usually can... 

A number of computer programs related to the liquid-junction photovoltaic cell have been developed. Leary et al.205 for example, calculated carrier concentrations in polycrystalline films using a numerical solution of Poisson s equation coupled with overall charge neutrality within spherical grains. Their model was used for analysis of semiconductor gas sensors. Davis and colleagues206"208 presented a computer program which uses simultaneous calculation of surface and solution equilibrium states to obtain the equilibrium condition of electrical double layers. 

This chemical n-doping procedure can readily be extended to the lanthanide ions Eu and Yb. Europium and ytterbium metals are known to dissolve in liquid ammonia (19). They form solvated divalent cations and solvated electrons in ammonia with the characteristic blue color. Upon immersion of polyacetylene the solvated electrons spontaneously reduce the polyacetylene chains to polycarbanions and the divalent lanthanide ions become countercations to maintain charge neutrality. 

Because the sensitizing dye itself does not provide a conducting functionality but is distributed at an interface in the form of immobilized molecular species, it is evident that for charge transfer, each molecule must be in intimate contact with both conducting phases. It is clear that this applies to the porous wide band gap semiconductor substrate into which the photoexcited chemisorbed molecules inject electrons. It is also evident that in the photoelectrochemical form of the sensitized cell, the liquid electrolyte penetrates into the porosity, thereby permitting the intimate contact with the charged dye molecule that is necessary for charge neutralization after... 

From the EQCM data (see Fig. 14.4), it may be concluded that the thermodynamic analysis in Eqs. 14.7-14.9 is likely to be applicable on the voltammetric time scale due to the slow rate of the dissolution/reprecipitatiOTi process involving Red (solid) and Red(ionic liquid). As per Eqs. 14.5 and 14.6, the processes that contribute to the voltammetry are assumed to be (1) oxidation of Red(solid) to Ox (solid), which is accompanied by charge neutralization involving the insertion of [PFe] (2) dissolution of [Ox][PFg](solid) with the equilibrium relationship between the dissolved species (Ox (ionic liquid)) and [PFg] (ionic liquid), and [Ox] [PFe] (solid) at the particle/ionic liquid interface being governed by the equilibrium constant K, and (3) reduction of solution-phase Ox" to solution-phase Red. Thus, overall the processes to be modelled are as follows ... 

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