Characterization of liposomes

Guiot, P., Baudhuin, P., and Gotfredsen, C. (1980). Morphological characterization of liposome suspensions by stereological analysis of freeze fracture replicas from spray frozen samples, J. Microsc., 120, 159-174. 

H. E., and Crommelin, D. J. A., Characterization of liposomes (1987). The influence of extrusion of multilamellar vesicles through polycarbonate membranes on particle size, particle size distribution and number of bilayers, Int. J. Pharm.. 35, 263-274. 

S Vemuri, CT Rhodes. Preparation and characterization of liposomes as therapeutic delivery systems a review. Pharm Acta Helv 70(2) 95—111, 1995. 

Hutchinson, F.J., Francis, S.E., Lyle, I.G., and Jones, M.N. (1989) The characterization of liposomes with covalently attached proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 978,17-24. 

Mayhew, E., Lazo, R., Vail, W.J., King, J., and Green, A.M. (1984) Characterization of liposomes prepared using a microemulsifier. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 775, 169-174. 

Johnsson M, Bergstrnd N, Edwards K. Optimization of drug loading procedures and characterization of liposomal formulations of two novel agents intended for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). J Liposome Res 1999 9 53-79. 

Mobed M, Nishiya T, Chang TM. Purification and characterization of liposomes encapsulating hemoglobin as potential blood substitutes. Biomater Artif Cells Immobil Biotechnol 1992 20 53. 

Mayer LD, Tai LCL, Bally MB, et al. Characterization of liposomal systems containing doxorubicin entrapped in response to pH gradients. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990 1025 143. 

Ryan PJ, Davis MA,Melchior DL (1983) The preparation and characterization of liposomes containing X-ray contrast agents. Biochim Biophys Acta 756 106... 

Thierry, A.R., Rabinovich, P., Mahan, L.C., Bryant, J.L. and Gallo, R.C. (1997) Characterization of liposome-mediated gene delivery Expression, stability and pharmacokinetics of plasmid DNA. Gene Then, 4,226-237. 

Mora, M., et al. 2002. Design and characterization of liposomes containing long-chain N-acylPEs for brain delivery Penetration of liposomes incorporating GM1 into the rat brain. Pharm Res 19 1430. 

During the late 1990s, Dr. Nastruzzi worked with Professor P. L. Luisi as a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Polymers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. As a postdoctoral fellow at the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Ferrara, he focused on the production and characterization of liposomes specially designed for retinoid delivery, as well as on biophysical studies and activity of in vitro cultured cell lines. In 1991, he obtained a researcher position in this department, where he devoted his energy to the production of microspheres, liposomes, and microemulsions for the controlled delivery of biological response modifiers. 

Matsuzaki, K., Murase, O., Sugishita, K.,Yoneyama, S., Akada, K., Ueha, M., Nakamura, A., and Kobayashi, S. (2000), Optical characterization of liposomes by right angle light scattering and turbidity measurement, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 31, 219-226. 

Since the first discovery and characterization of liposomes in 1965 (Bangham et al.), they have been applied in several technologies, such as drug delivery (189-191), gene delivery (191-193), adjuvant formulation (194-196), vaccine (197-199), skin care (199,200), and immunosensor development (177-187, 201-204). 

The characterization of liposomes is an important task and many analytical techniques have been employed, Thermodynamic, mechanical, chemical, microscopic, spectroscopic, and chromatographic techniques have being used worldwide in order to test the physical and chemical, characteristics of liposomal formulations such as lamellerity, encapsulation efficiency and their stability overtime. 

Chatterjee S, Banerjee DK (2002) Preparation, isolation, and characterization of liposomes containing natural and synthetic lipids. Methods Mol Biol 199 3-16... 

Coussios CC, Holland CK, Jakubowska L, Huang SL, MacDonald RC, Nagaraj A, McPherson DD (2004) In vitro characterization of liposomes and Optison by acoustic scattering at 3.5 MHz. Ultrasound Med Biol 30 181-190... 

ZuidamNJ,deVruehR,CrommelinDJ(2003) Chapter 2 Characterization of liposomes. In Torchilin VP, Weissig V (eds) Liposomes a practical approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 31-78... 

Phradissis A. Hatziantoniou S. Gcorgopoulos A Demetzos C. Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of liposomes from lipids of Greek Broad Bean Oil Science 1995,267, 1275-1276. 

Preparation and characterization of liposomes formed with natural phospholipids were well established. However, in using liposomes for simulation of enzymatic functions, especially in acid-base catalysis, difficulties would be encountered due to their chemicai and morphological instabilities. Thus, bilayer membranes composed of synthetic amphiphiles are more favorable candidates for enzyme mimics. For example, artificial vitamin Bg-dependent enzymes were constructed from catalytic bilayer membranes in combination with a bilayer-forming peptide lipid (10), a hydrophobic vitamin derivative (11), and metal ions (Fig. 5). The catalyst acts as an artificial aminotransferase, showing marked substrate specificity, high enantioselectivity, and turnover behavior for the transamination of a-amino acid with a-keto acids. In addition, the reaction fields provided by the catalytic bilayer membranes are suitable to establish multienzyme systems through functional ahgnments of artificial enzymes and natural ones in a sequential manner. 

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