Characterization, grazing-angle spectroscopy

L. F. De La Torre-Quintana, S. P. Hemandez-Rivera, Characterization of thermal inkjet technology TNT deposits by fiber optic-grazing angle probe FTIR spectroscopy. Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelhgence (C3I) Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense IV Edward M. Carapezza Ed., Proc. SPIE, 5778, 543-552 (2005). 

A series of SAMs formed on Au from mono- and dithiol conjugated aromatic molecules was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, grazing incidence Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurement, and ellipsometry.43 The analyses indicated that the molecular orientation of conjugated phenylene- and thophene-based dithiols became less tilted with respect to the surface normal as the chain length of the organic molecules increased. 

To obtain the morphology information, including phase separation and crystalline, we can now use microscopic techniques, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction. The detailed information of this characterization methods can be found from the specific reference (Li et al., 2012 Huang et al., 2014). 

The films were characterized by XPS. This photoelectron spectroscopy gives information about the specimen surface to a depth of several nanometers. For this purpose the carbon platelets coated with the films were excited with Al-Kj X-rays to the energy of 1486.6 eV. To get more information about the structure of plasma polymers, glass slides were coated and the layers were investigated in a grazing incidence diffractometer (GID). The angle of incidence between the X-ray and the polymer surface was varied from 0.5 to 1.5 . 

Characterization of the Unmodified and PLL-g-PEG-Modified Surfaces. 3.2.1. RAIRS Measurements of the PLL(20)-g[3.5]-PEG(2) Monolayer. Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) is well suited to study adsorbates on metallic surfaces, which are highly reflective. It relies on reflecting an infrared beam at near-grazing incidence from the metallic surface on which the thin film of interest has been deposited. Only the component of the vibrational transition dipole moments perpendicular to the surface plane contributes to the absorption spectra. The intensity of an absorption band is proportional to the squared cosine of the angle between the transition dipole moment and the surface normal. Therefore, RAIRS provides information not only on fimctional groups but also on orientation and conformation of adsorbed molecules or molecular entities. Metal oxides... 

Scheme 9.1 Methods in morphology characterization. TEM transmission electron microscopy EF-TEM energy filter transmission electron microscopy STXM scan transmission X-ray microscopy GISAXS grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering SANS small-angle neutron scattering RSoXS resonant soft X-ray scattering SEM scanning electron microscopy DSIMS dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy XR X-ray reflectivity NR neutron reflectivity VASE variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry.

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