Chapters Classic papers

Since the classical paper of Meyerson and coworkers in 1964 on the electron impact(EI) mass spectra of diaryl sulfones, only some more than one hundred original reports dealing with the mass spectra of sulfoxides and sulfones have been published. These data have been reviewed quite extensively, most recently by Khmel nitskii and Efremov in a review on The rearrangements in sulfoxides and sulfones induced by electron impact and by Porter. Several less comprehensive surveys have also been presented " . Since Reference 2 and to a lesser extent Reference 4 cover the El mass spectra of alkyl and aryl sulfoxides and sulfones up to 1974 fairly completely, and Reference 3 together with Reference 2 the mass spectra of heterocyclic sulfoxides and sulfones and their nitrogen-containing counterparts up to 1980, the present chapter will mainly concentrate on the most recent developments and some complementary material not described in the above-mentioned reviews. 

Two technical papers recognized as significant early contributions in the discussion of the limitations of analytical accuracy and uncertainty include those by Horwitz of the U.S. FDA [1, 2], For this next series of articles we will be discussing both the topic and the approaches to this topic taken by the classic papers just referenced. The determination and understanding of analytical error is often approached using interlaboratory collaborative studies. In this book we have previously delved into that subject in Chapters 34-39. 

The very large number of publications on characterizing traps precludes a thorough review in this chapter. Thus, only monographs and classic papers in the fields are referenced. 

The new knowledge of nuclear physics affected cosmochemistry in another way. A classic paper by astrophysicists Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge (husband and wife), William Fowler, and Fred Hoyle (this paper was so influential that it has come to be known by scientists simply as B2FH ) and a similar contribution by Allister Cameron, both published in 1957, provided the theoretical basis for understanding how elements are produced in stars, as described in Chapter 3. 

Corey. E. J. Bailar. J. C., Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959.81,2620-2629. The e Ur classic paper in the field i jon wtach all of the subsequent work has been based. See also Sajlo, Y. Inorganic Molecular Dissymmetry-, Springer-Vedag Beriki. (979 Chapter J. 

Chemists and physicists must always formulate correctly the constraints which crystal structure and symmetry impose on their thermodynamic derivations. Gibbs encountered this problem when he constructed the component chemical potentials of non-hydrostatically stressed crystals. He distinguished between mobile and immobile components of a solid. The conceptual difficulties became critical when, following the classical paper of Wagner and Schottky on ordered mixed phases as discussed in chapter 1, chemical potentials of statistically relevant SE s of the crystal lattice were introduced. As with the definition of chemical potentials of ions in electrolytes, it turned out that not all the mathematical operations (9G/9n.) could be performed for SE s of kind i without violating the structural conditions of the crystal lattice. The origin of this difficulty lies in the fact that lattice sites are not the analogue of chemical species (components). 

The /h-symmetric C60 molecule was first described by Osawa (1970), and the concept expanded the following year in the final chapter of Yoshida Osawa (1971). The book was read widely by Japanese chemists. There was, however, little response to my proposal of the potential stability of the football-shaped molecule. In the meantime, for reasons mentioned below, we stopped working on aromaticity and engaged in new fields of research until the classic paper of Kroto et al. (1985) appeared. In 1986, O Brien, then a graduate student with Smalley at Rice University, U.S.A., asked Yoshida for an English copy of this book and we produced a translation of pertinent portions (pp. 174-178) for him. This translation (slightly polished) is reproduced below. 

The hydroxyl radical, OH, occupies an extremely important position in spectroscopy, in free radical laboratory chemistry, and in atmospheric, cometary and interstellar chemistry. Its ultraviolet electronic spectrum has been described in many papers published over the past seventy years. It was the first short lived gaseous free radical to be studied by microwave spectroscopy, described in a classic paper by Dousmanis, Sanders and Townes [121] in 1955. The details of this work are presented in chapter 10. It was the first free radical to be studied by microwave magnetic resonance, in pioneering work by Radford [141] the microwave and far-infrared laser magnetic resonance studies are... 

Flavonols and flavones are present in many food products and medicinal plants and show relevant antioxidant activity in vitro. In this chapter, classical analytical methods sueh as thin layer ehromatography and two-dimensional paper chromatography together with modem methodologies such as HPLC-MS-MS are reported. Preparative ehromatography methods are also reviewed as well as spectroseopie methods used for flavonoid characterization and identification, including UV spectrophotometry and MS spectrometry. Chemical and enzymatic methods used in flavonoid identification are also reviewed. 

The modern concepts of protein structure and of the H bond had their genesis about the same time, and have advanced together. Hydrogen bond theory began to flourish soon after Latimer and Rodebush presented their classical paper (1201), and x-ray diffraction methods were applied to proteins about the same time. Twenty years later, IR spectroscopy studies were begun. In this chapter we shall show the crucial role of the H bond in modern proposals for protein structures, but the treatment will be restricted to those phases of protein study which reveal this role. (Of course, such restriction dictates only passing mention of... 

Table 2 lists the radioactive species produced by cosmic rays acting on the gaseous components of the atmosphere, which include nitrogen, oxygen, and all the rare gases as targets. A detailed discussion of the formation of radioactive species by cosmic-ray bombardment has been published by Lai (2001) based on his pioneering work since 1967 in a classic paper by Lai and Peters (1967). Radiocarbon ( " C) is not discussed in this chapter. Because of its central role in many Earth s surface processes, a separate chapter is found in this volume (see Chapter 4.09). 

It is often interesting and instructive to read the original papers describing important discoveries in your field of interest. Two Web sites. Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry and Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry (and Some Physics too), present many original papers or their translations for those who wish to explore pioneering work in chemistry. To learn about early work on the subject of this chapter, use your Web browser to connect to http //cheniistry.brookscole.coni/ skoogfac/. From the Chapter Resources Menu, choose Web Works. Locate the Chapter 10 section. Click on the link to one of the Web sites just listed. Locate the link to the famous 1923 paper by Debye and Hiickel on the theory of electrolytic solutions and click on it. Read the paper and compare the notation in the paper to the notation in this chapter. What symbol do the authors use for the activity coefficient What important phenomena do the authors relate to their theory Note that the mathematical details are missing from the translation of the paper. 

For soluble surfactant adsorption layers the vertical mass transfer occurs under two different conditions, after the formation of a fresh surface of a surfactant solution and during periodic or aperiodic changes of the surface area. From the thermodynamic point of view the "surface phase" is an open system. The theoretical and practical aspects of this issues have been outlined in many classical papers, published by Milner (1907), Doss (1939), Addison (1944, 1945), Ward Tordai (1946), Hansen (1960, 1961), Lange (1965). New technique for measuring the time dependence of surface tension and a lot of theoretical work on surfactant adsorption kinetics under modem aspects have recently been published by Kretzschmar Miller (1991), Loglio et al. (1991), Fainerman (1992), Joos Van Uffelen (1993), MacLeod Radke (1993), Miller et al. (1994). This topic will be discussed intensively in Chapters 4 and 5. The relevance of normal mass exchange as a surface relaxation process is discussed in Chapter 6. 

The importance of stereochemistry in understanding the mechanism of biological processes has long been appreciated and, since Ogston s classic paper in 1948 (1), stereochemical studies have been extended to prochiral molecules normally thought of as symmetrical. Prochirality has been extensively reviewed, and the literature includes chapters in this series and elsewhere (2-4) and two books (5,6). Extension of the concept to reactions at pro-prochiral centers has also been reviewed in this series (7). 

Numerical values for and A are given in Satterfield s book [133] and in Weisz and Hicks classical paper on this subject [98], as discussed in Chapter 3. 

The fundamental nature of the electrostatic potential, recognized by Feymnan [119] in his classic paper Forces in Molecules, is reflected in its versatility, which we have tried to demonstrate in this chapter. V(r) provides a powerful means of elucidating and predicting the properties and behavior of molecular systems and, more importantly, is a physical observable. 

The details of the mechanism that was developed in Eugene are discussed in later chapters. The important fact is that Field, Koros, and Noyes were able to eixplain the qualitative behavior of the BZ reaction using the same principles of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics that govern ordinary chemical reactions. They published their mechanism, now known as the FKN mechanism, in a classic paper in 1972 (Field et ah, 1972 Noyes et al., 1972). A quantitative numerical simulation of the oscillatory behavior based on the FKN mechanism was published a few years later (Edelson et al., 1975). 

Since /j (r) represents a linear filter, g2 t) will be a linear filtered version ofgi (f) however, 6>2(r) and R2(t), the PM and AM components of 2(t)> wiUbe a nonlinear filtered version ofgi(t) since 02(t) and i 2(t) are nonlinear functions ofg2(t). The analysis of the nonlinear distortion is very complicated. Although many analysis techniques have been pubhshed in the literature, none has been entirely satisfactory. Pan ter (1965) gives a three-chapter summary of some of these techniques, and a classical paper is also recommended (Bedrosian and Rice, 1968). Furthermore, nonUnearities that occur in a practical system will also cause nonlinear distortion and AM-to-PM conversion effects. Nonlinear effects can be analyzed by several techniques, including power-series analysis (Couch, 1995). If a nonlinear effect in a bandpass system is to be analyzed, a Fourier series technique that uses the Chebyshev transform has been foimd to be useful (Spilker, 1977). 

Note that a single particle is considered, not the bed cross section, when intraparticle profiles are to be dealt with. Indeed, the shape of the particle also determines the profile. Numerical values for Dg and Xg are given in Satterfield s book [1970] and in Weisz and Hicks classical paper on this subject [1962], discussed in Chapter 3. 

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