Channel downstream

Sparrow, E. M., and Kalejs, J. P. (1977). Local convective transfer coefficients in a channel downstream of a partially constricted inlet. Int. ]. Heat Mass Transfer 20, 1241-1249. 

The initial bimodal distribution in the mixing chamber changes to a unimodal distribution after about 2.5 ms of application of the AC field [25, 93], A similar behavior is found for the outlet channel, downstream of the mixing chamber. A slight bimodality is, however, still present, caused by an unmixed stagnant layer in the corner of the mixing chamber. 

Slit filters are usually fabricated on Si or quartz, but they can also be made on glass (but with greater gap spacings of 11-20 im). In one report, a glass slit filter was fabricated essentially to prevent particles from clogging channels downstream [115]. 

Optical traps have also been used to retain cells [176,866-868,1174]. For instance, manipulation of polystyrene beads by optical gradient force (attractive) and scattering force (repulsive) was achieved in a PDMS chip (see Figure 8.26). A polystyrene bead was first retained by an optical trap. Then the bead was moved and released so that it flowed to a desired channel downstream [1174]. 

In Fig. 4.68 is shown a microconduit incorporating two potentiometric pH electrodes and a common reference electrode, the introduction of sample solution being executed by means of an exteriorly placed injection port. The measurement of pH requires a system with limited dispersion coefficient, and no chemical reaction is needed in the flow channel. Consequently, a short residence time was chosen, and the two pH-sensitive PVC-based membrane electrodes, containing as electroactive material tri- -dodecylamine [778], were placed in a single-line system and very close to the injection position (cf. Fig. 4.3), the Ag/AgCl wire reference electrode being situated in a side channel and connected to the main channel downstream from the indicator electrodes. The manifold construction is such that the reference solution and thus the liquid junction are renewed... 

For internal flows both the hydrodynamic boundary layer and the thermal boundary layer developing on the wall merge (at the center for symmetric channels) downstream of the entrance and provide thereafter a fully developed boundary layers. 

Like with the ring added to the disc electrode or the second electrode in a tubular electrode, a second electrode placed in the channel downstream may be used to detect and study species generated at the first electrode. The material of this second electrode (called collector electrode sometimes because of its purpose) as well as its operating potential have to be precisely selected to ensure complete conversion of arriving species. A collection efficiency W relating the current at the collector electrode to the current associated at the first electrode with the formation of species is given by... 

The flood resulting from the obstruction of a river channel (downstream or upstream) by landslides, ice, jams caused by logs or debris, or lava or ash from volcanic activity (this is also included in the probable maximum dam break) ... 

Here is where the oily water from paved areas, oily rainwater, desulfurized spent caustic and stripped condensates from the "East" unit (FCC, alkylation, visbreaker) are channeled. Downstream from this system the blowdown from "West" cooling towers is added. The total average flow is 120 to 130 m h k... 

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