Chambers, processing direct load

Deposition system, direct-load A system where the processing chamber is opened to the ambient each time the fixture is placed into or removed from the chamber. Also called a Batch system. 

In ICP-AES and ICP-MS, sample mineralisation is the Achilles heel. Sample introduction systems for ICP-AES are numerous gas-phase introduction, pneumatic nebulisation (PN), direct-injection nebulisation (DIN), thermal spray, ultrasonic nebulisation (USN), electrothermal vaporisation (ETV) (furnace, cup, filament), hydride generation, electroerosion, laser ablation and direct sample insertion. Atomisation is an essential process in many fields where a dispersion of liquid particles in a gas is required. Pneumatic nebulisation is most commonly used in conjunction with a spray chamber that serves as a droplet separator, allowing droplets with average diameters of typically <10 xm to pass and enter the ICP. Spray chambers, which reduce solvent load and deal with coarse aerosols, should be as small as possible (micro-nebulisation [177]). Direct injection in the plasma torch is feasible [178]. Ultrasonic atomisers are designed to specifically operate from a vibrational energy source [179]. 

Cotton or wood cellulose is introduced into an iron box 1 equipped with a metal mesh bottom occupying the outside position. By means of a chain and sprocket mechanism the box is moved in position 2 and later to the position 3. Meanwhile another box 1 is loaded and so on. Finally the box from position 3 is transferred to the neighbouring chamber, position 4, to be shifted gradually downwards to the positions 5 and 6, and thereafter to the position 1 and outside again. There the dried cotton is unloaded and replaced by a fresh batch. Drying cellulose in chamber (I) is co-current process, while in the chamber (II) a counter-current process is carried out. The movement of shelves carrying the cellulose is marked as a thick line, while a thin line indicates the direction of air. 

DC cathodic plasma polymerization of TMS was carried out with multiple cathodes in a relatively large (178 liter) barrel-type metal reactor [2]. In such a reactor, no anode assembly was arranged inside the chamber. During the plasma polymerization process, the DC power was directly applied to the aluminum panels, which were loaded inside the reactor and used as cathodes. The grounded reactor wall functioned as the anode during the DC discharge. 

Consequently, the load suffers no thermal or pressure shocks because the differential pressure between the chamber and the containers can be reduced to zero or maintained at all times during the process in a direction that is suitable for the particular type of container during sterilization or, generally, during thermal treatments from 60-127°C. 

Finally, it is evident that the actual loading capacity of the chamber is reduced because of the presence of a cylindrical structure that must rotate inside it and support the load contained in appropriate trays with a lid (the entire system being appropriately perforated). Fig. 9 shows this cylindrical structure both when empty and when filled with the trays. These autoclaves are generally counterpressure sterilizers and the load is rotated throughout the process at an adjustable rate (1-10 rpm) and, if required, intermittently and in alternating directions. 

The effect of chemical bath composition, electrodeposition potential, etc., on film composition was determined [317]. The precursor films were loaded in a physical evaporation chamber and additional In or Cu and Se were added to the films to adjust the final composition of CIS. The device fabricated using electrodeposited Cu-In-Se precursor layers had a solar cell efficiency of 9.4%. CIS thin films have also been obtained from different precursors prepared by direct or sequential electrodeposition processes [303]. The results showed that thin crystalline chalcopyrite CIS films with the desired composition can be obtained after annealing, whether directly or sequentially electrodeposited precursors at 400 °C. An improvement in film quality was obtained by using an electrodeposited Cu layer as the growth surface for CIS formation. If elemental Se was also added during the heat treatment, then a higher recrystalHzation of the films was observed. A new approach for CIS formation by sequential electrodeposition of Cu and In-Se layers and subsequent heat treatment with elemental selenium in Ar + H2 flows has been presented [304]. An increase in the film crystallinity was achieved... 

The precoat usually is salt itself. Some of the slurry that ordinarily would go to the secondary centrifuges bypasses that step and goes directly to the filter that requires precoating. It is also possible to use filter feed as the precoat, but the finer salt does not work as well. When the precoat becomes blinded or the chambers filled with salt, backwashing is necessary. Fresh water, cell liquor, or unsaturated brine can be used here, and the salt, precoat as well as process load, dissolves and returns to the process. Water is the most efficient backwash fluid, but the use of brine or cell liquor prevents dilution of the process. The caustic filtrate becomes the final product and is ready for storage or shipping. 

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