Cerebrovascular disorders hemorrhagic

Kaye and Fainstat 1987 Wooten et al. 1983). The risk of cerebral hemorrhage is even greater when combining ephedrine with other catecholamine stimulants such as the over-the-counter stimulant phenyl-propanolamine (StoessI et al. 1985). Pseudoephedrine may be safer than ephedrine in some respects (Porta et al. 1986). In a large sample (n > 100,000) of pseudoephedrine users, there were no reports of cerebrovascular disorders within 15 days after administration. The incidence of myocardial infarction, seizures, and neuropsychiatric disorders were no greater than base rates in the general population. 

Cerebrovascular disorders - Combination oral contraceptives have been shown to increase the relative and attributable risks of cerebrovascular events (thrombotic and hemorrhagic strokes), although, in general, the risk is greatest among older (older than 35 years of age) hypertensive women who also smoke. 

Cause Most common is cerebrovascular occlusion. Other causes include intracranial hemorrhage, cardiac embolisms, infection, and clotting disorders. 

Factors that mimic glaucomatous visual field loss include branch retinal artery occlusion chorioretinal scars retinal areas treated by photocoagulafion or cryotherapy demyelin-afing disorders cerebrovascular accidents, tumors, or other lesions affecting the optic nerve, chiasm, optic tract, optic radiation, ancPor the remaining course of nerve fibers to the occipital cortex. Other abnormalities that could account for pseudo-glaucomatous visual field defects or vision loss include vitreous hemorrhage, proliferative retinopathy or other retinal disorders. 

Lactate in CSF normally parallels blood levels, but not in children. With biochemical alterations in the CNS, however, CSF lactate values change independently of blood values. Increased CSF concentrations are noted in cerebrovascular accidents, intracranial hemorrhage, bacterial meningitis, epilepsy, inborn errors of the electron transport chain, and other CNS disorders. In aseptic (viral) menmgitis, lactate concentrations in CSF are not usually increased hence, CSF lactate has been used to help discriminate between viral and bacterial meningitis,but the clinical utility has been questioned. In a few children with inherited metabolic diseases, CSF lactate concentrations may be increased despite a plasma lactate in the reference interval. 

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