Ceramics fragile

Deteriora.tlon. Ceramic objects are fragile, and mechanical damages through breakage and abrasions are the most likely source of destmction. Low fired ceramics can suffer through the rehydration of the body material this process results ia a complete loss of mechanical streagth. The preseace of soluble salts ia porous ceramic bodies has the same disastrous results as ia stoae (136). 

Difficulties with the Na—S system arise ia part from the ceramic nature of the alumiaa separator the specific P-alumiaa is expeasive to prepare and the material is brittie and quite fragile. Separator failure is the leading cause of early cell failure. Cell failure may also be related to performance problems caused by polarization at the sodium/soHd electrolyte iaterface. Lastiy, seal leakage can be a determiaant of cycle life. In spite of these problems, however, the safety and rehabiUty of the Na—S system has progressed to the poiat where pilot plant production of these batteries is anticipated for EV and aerospace apphcations. 

Ceramic candles, which are thimble-shaped, porous, acid-resistant ceramic tubes. Although efficiencies exceeding 98% have been reported, the candles have high maintenance requirements because they are very fragile. 

In this case study, a zirconia-alumina membrane has been developed using the sol-gel technique with and without support.6-7 The porous ceramic was prepared to fabricate the membrane support. A thin film of aluminum and zirconium were formed on the porous ceramic support. Unsupported membrane was also prepared. The unsupported membrane was not strong enough to hold a high-pressure gradient it was very fragile and not useful... 

Borosilicate glass and ceramics are inert materials and have great chemical stability the weak point about glass, however, is its fragility. Glass can be used for both organics and inorganics, but one should be mindful of the fact that it is a potential source of boron and silicon and cannot be used if these elements are to be determined. 

New materials for cell dividers have become available commercially during recent years these include non-fragile porous plastics membranes, cation and anion exchange membranes 89a and ceramic diaphragms especially composed for electrolytic work. 

Ceramics as dielectrics for capacitors have the disadvantage that they are not easily prepared as self-supporting thin plates and, if this is achieved, are extremely fragile. However, mica (a single-crystal mineral silicate) has been... 

By definition, brazes have a different composition from the components they are used to join and hence interdiffusion will occur during and after interface creation. Reference has been made already to the detrimental effects of the growth of thick reaction products at metal-ceramic interfaces and similar effects can occur with metal-metal systems. Thus it is not good practice to use A1 brazes for the joining of steel or Cu components or to use Ni brazes containing Si for the joining of refractory metal components because of the rapid formation of fragile layers of intermetallic compounds. 

Ceram. Soc., 18, 286 (1939). Sivamohan and Foissberg, Principles of Tabling, Int. I Min. Proc., 15, 281 (1985). Stockett, Milling Practice of the St. Joseph Lead Co., Min. Technol, 7(3), 1 (1943). Upgrading Fragile Coal to Premium Metallur cal Product, Coal Age, 64,94 (July 1959). Wills, Laboratory simulation of shaking table performance, Mining 489(June 1981). 

Differences of petrographic textures at large scale are clearly seen in the sample from experiments with two types of momentum traps one is surrounded by steel and the other by a fragile ceramic cement used to insulate tlie heating elements (Fig. I of [18]). Samples shocked in the ceramic cement show higher degrees of lateral deformation, from 1.1 at 13.4 GPa and room temperature to 1.6 GPa at... 

A crucial concern in the application of superconducting ceramics is to devise ways to fabricate the new materials in desired shapes such as wires. This will be quite a challenge because these superconductors are ceramics and have the brittleness and fragility typical of ceramic materials. 

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