Cellulosic fillers fibers

Figure 2.80. The morphology of cellulose fibers. Courtesy of Cellulose Filler Factory Corporation, Chestertown, MD, USA.

Cellulose Filler Factory Corporation 10200 Woiton Road Chestertown, MD 21620, USA tel 1 410 810 0779 toll free 800 832 4662 fax 1 410 810 0793 cellulose fibers 184... 

Table 3.1 lists WPC deck boards (and one railing system), commercially available and registered by the ICC in 2006 or before (with two exceptions). Most of the materials contain wood flour (or wood hber ), typically in 50-60% amount by weight. Only four products contain rice hulls as a cellulosic filler. One product—GeoDeck—contains delignified cellulose fiber as a part of its principal filler Biodac (which in turn contains about 50% delignified cellulose and 50% minerals). 

U.S. Pat. No. 6,942,829 [72] discloses a method of forming a polymer-wood composite material comprising 20-80% by weight of cellulose filler such as hardwood fiber, softwood fiber, hemp, jute, rice hulls, and wheat straw, 20-80% of a thermoplastic polymer such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamides, polyesters, and other polymers, 0.1-10% of a blend of a nonionic compatibilizer and a lubricant. 

U.S. Pat. No. 7,041,716 [74] describes a thermoplastic composite comprising a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene in an amount of 20-90% by weight, a cellulose filler such as wood flour in an amount of 30-80% by weight, a basic reactive filler such as glass fibers in an amount of 5-25% by weight, and a carboxylic acid anhydride graft polyolefin such as maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene in an amount of 1-5%. 

U.S. Pat. No. 6,971,211 [110] (by Crane Plastics Company, TimberTech) discloses a cellulosic fiber-polymeric composite comprising a cellulosic filler in an amount of 30-70% by weight, a plastic material, such as PVC and polypropylene in an amount of 30-70% by weight. The PVC material may include 1-10 parts of a stabilizer, 2-12 parts of a lubricant, and 0.5-8 parts of a process aid per 100 parts of the PVC resin. The polypropylene material includes 10-20 parts of a lubricant per 100 parts of the polypropylene resin. 

Fillers and reinforcing fibers 7 and 8 Engineering-type applications for POs (especially PP and TPO), more interest in sustainable fillers and fibers Greater use of cellulose-based fiber reinforcements, of long-glass fiber reinforcement, and of nanofillers and specially fillers... 

Cellulose fillers [172,173] including some types of wood fibers [174] have been used as a filler with thermoplastics to obtain biodegradable materials with improved film quality. Crude cellulose in the form of surface-modified flax fibers... 

Paper stock (or furnish) may consist of a mixture of cellulose, filler (for example clay, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate), rosin, alum and water brought together in predetermined proportions. The percent of fiber and other furnish materials suspended in the total volume and weight of water is commonly known as consistency . Control of furnish consistency in the stock preparation and papermaking area is a prime prerequisite of paper making. The Fourdrinier paper machine was developed for the specific purpose of converting this paper furnish into a finished reel of paper on a continuous basis. 

The physical properties of the cellulosic fillers tested are given in Table 1. The three wood based cellulosic fillers had low ash contents which indicates low abrasion potential during processing. The aspect ratios of the fillers varied considerably with the aspect ratio of wood flour being less than either pulp mill residue or thermomechanical fiber as expected. 

For several decades, natural fibers have been proposed as fillers for thermoplastics [9]. They provide reasonable mechanical properties and have low density compared to mineral fillers. Fibers include sisal, jute, coir, flax, and wood. Chemically they are composed of lignin and cellulose, where the lignin is rather unstable toward heating and begins to decompose near 200°C in air as determined by loss in weight via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, the fiber may lose its strength at 160°C [9]. This instability... 

Chem. Awalysis Microcrystalllne cellulose (81-89%), cellulose gum (11-19%) Uses Suspending agent, vise, builder, thickener, compatiblllzer, stabilizer In pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics (mousses) for suspensions, sol ns., emulsions bulking agent, filler, fiber supplement, thickener, stabilizer, sec. emulsifier, fat replacer in foods, ice cream, frozen desserts, salad dressings, drink mbres, lowfat and nonfat prods. 

Mineral topcoats are composed of Hme and cement as mineral binders, aggregates (fillers hke sihca sand), pigments and additives, such as cellulose ethers, starch ethers, hghtweight fillers, fibers, thickener, hydrophobic agents, wetting agents and sometimes even surfactants. With the exception of any mineral binder this list apphes also to synthetic topcoat which are almost exclusively used in the US. Table 13-4 shows some of the specifications for topcoats in Europe (Germany) and the US. 

Ago et al. prepared bifibrous mats by electrospinning mixtures of biodegradable polymers lignin and PLA with CNs. Fiber morphology and thermal stability were smd-ied as a function of filler concentration. Strong interaction between the fignin-PLA matrix and the CNs led to improved thermal stability of the membranes. Electrospun nanofibrous composites that use cellulosic fillers have tremendous potential for the development of novel multifunctional materials [67]. 

---