Cellulose Gun cotton

Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, Cellulosetrinitrate Smokeless powder... 

Gunpowder Potassium chlorate Nitrated cellulose Gun cotton Cellulose trinitrate Smokeless powder... 

Ammonite, Bellite, Roburite, and Explosives of similar Composition — These are required to stand the same heat test as compressed nitro-cellulose, gun-cotton, c. 

This dependence on modification is not new. Indeed, while the use of stone and clay pottery is a use of polymeric silicates, cooked meat is denatured polymeric protein, and wool or cotton fabric are woven polymers, the first commercial polymer that was not just gathered and processed from nature was a modified cellulose, gun cotton. 

The first successhil attempt to make textile fibers from plant cellulose can be traced to George Audemars (1). In 1855 he dissolved the nitrated form of cellulose in ether and alcohol and discovered that fibers were formed as the dope was drawn into the air. These soft strong nitrocellulose fibers could be woven into fabrics but had a serious drawback they were explosive, nitrated cellulose being the basis of gun-cotton (see Cellulose esters, inorganic esters). 

Cellulose nitrate (pyroxylin) [9004-70-0], made from cellulose and a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids, is called gun cotton and is used in explosives. Nitrates of lower DS find some appHcation in coatings and adhesives. 

One of the earlier methods was to treat cellulose with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide to obtain xanthate esters which could be dispersed in water and cast into sheets or spun into fibers. Subsequent treatment with acid decomposed the xanthates and gave regenerated cellulose, either in fiber or film form. The fibers were called viscose rayon and the films were named cellophane. Cellophane is still used as a wrapping film and some of it is still manufactured by the xanthate process. By treatment with nitric acid, cellulose was converted to a trinitric acid ester, which could be cast into units which were satisfactory for making gun cotton for a smokeless powder for either artillery shells or shotgun ammunition. It was quite insoluble but it could be converted to a jelly-like mass, which could be shaped into a desired form for ammunition use. Under milder conditions, a lower nitrate... 

The most widely used inorganic ester of cellulose is cellulose nitrate (CN), also called nitrocellulose or gun cotton. Celluloid is produced from a mixture of CN and camphor. It was first made in 1833 when cellulose-containing linen, paper, or sawdust was reacted with concentrated nitric acid. It was the first synthetic cellulose product that was recognized. Initially, CN was used as a military explosive and improvements allowed the manufacture of smokeless powder. A representation of CN is given in structure 9.7. 

The natural fibers obtained from cotton, wood, flax, hemp, and jute all are cellulose fibers and serve as raw materials for the textile and paper industries. In addition to its use as a natural fiber and in those industries that depend on wood as a construction material, cellulose is used to make cellulose acetate (for making rayon acetate yarn, photographic film, and cellulose acetate butyrate plastics), nitric acid esters (gun cotton and celluloid7), and cellulose xanthate (for making viscose rayon fibers). The process by which viscose rayon is manufactured involves converting wood pulp or cotton Iinters into cellulose xanthate by reaction with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide ... 

The chemistry of explosives was very active at that time as nitroglycerine was introduced. Nitrocellulose, known as gun cotton, was produced by the direct nitration of cellulose. The discovery and the use of nitrocellulose were associated with the names of two scientists, Schonbein and Bottger. 

Gun Cotton.—Finally the highest nitrates of cellulose, containing about 13.4 per cent, nitrogen and probably the constitute the... 

Cellulose Explosives.—The explosives made from cellulose are of two kinds, viz., cellulose nitrates alone, as in gun cotton, and mixtures of cellulose nitrates and nitro-glycerol which constitute the smokeless powders made from cellulose nitrates. 

Cellulose nitrate continues to be used in fine lacquers and automotive coatings. The nitrates are easy to produce, and simple mixtures with other polymers and plasticizers are readily formulated. Their use depends on the DS, which is detemuned via nitrogen content. The target-DS is adjusted via the water content maintained in the reaction mixture (O Fig. 19). Cellulose nitrates of low DS (10.9 to 11.7% nitrogen) provide for solubility in a range of organic solvents, and derivatives with high DS are used for gun cotton. 

Synonyms Cellulose nitrate Nitrocotton Soluble gun cotton Pyroxylin Various trade names (C 2018, E 1440, H 1/2, BK2-W, BK2-Z, CA 80-15, Celex, Celloidion, Collodion Cotton, Collodion Wool, Xyloidin) lodion cotton Pyroxylin Col-loxylin Paralodion... 

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