Cellulose fibers staining

WARCOFIX 808 fixative reduces bleeding and staining of colors and improves washfastness of direct colors on cellulosic fibers. WARCOFIX 808 fixative can be applied in the finish mix or by exhaustion after the dyeing cycle. 

Greasy and oily soils on polyester or polyester-containing fabrics are among the more difficult stains to displace. Removal of these soils from cotton fabrics, however, is far easier. This difference in cleaning can be attributed to the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the cellulosic fibers which give the surface of the cotton a hydrophilic nature and subsequently permit surfactants and water to more easily wash away adsorbed soils. The surface of polyester fabrics, in contrast, is hydrophobic since they are essentially composed of copolymers of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. This hydrophobicity not only creates an affinity towards oily soils, but makes them more difficult to remove. 

However, there has been some interesting work in the USA on soybean, as a potential source of TS binder resins. These resins are being developed by the United Soybean Board, St Louis, Missouri, USA, under the name Proteinol. They are made from various waste cellulosic fibers tightly bound with various soy protein/phenolic binder systems. Fillers can be agricultural crop wastes such as wheat straw, corn, bagasse, kenaf, or hemp, forest waste products such as wood fibers, shavings, sawdust or chips, and shredded newsprint, de-inked office paper, and other recycled products. Extruded and compression molded shapes are being produced, which can be nailed, drilled, sawn, routed, sanded, painted and stained. 

Reactive dyes, used on cellulose fibers such as cotton and linen and protein fibers as well as nylon, can be fixed by atmospheric or pressurized steam. The fabric will then also be washed, often twice and sometimes at different water temperatures to remove any dye molecules still unfixed to the fabric. If not removed, these loose dye molecules could randomly reattach themselves and back stain the fabric, mining the print. 

Urea-formaldehyde reaction products were described as early as 1908, but the first useful commercial product, a molding compound invented in England by Edmond C. Rossiter, did not arrive until almost 20 years later. It was a fairly complex formulation using purified cellulose fiber as reinforcement. The amino resin contained equimolar amounts of urea and thiourea. The new product could be supplied in light translucent colors. The molded products had a hard, stain resistant surface, and there was no objectionable phenolic odor. In short, the product was unique for its time. 

Uses Manufacture of acetate rayon, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetyl compounds, cellulose acetates, chloroacetic acid, ethyl alcohol, ketene, methyl ethyl ketone, vinyl acetate, plastics and rubbers in tanning laundry sour acidulate and preservative in foods printing calico and dyeing silk solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils and other substances manufacture of nylon and fiber, vitamins, antibiotics and hormones production of insecticides, dyes, photographic chemicals, stain removers latex coagulant textile printing. 

Heyn, A. N. J. (1966). The microcrystalline structure of cellulose in cell walls of cotton, ramie, and jute fibers as revealed by negative staining of sections./. Cell. Biol. 29 181-197. 

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