Cellular Specificity

The Role of the Nucleolus in Cellular Metabolism Nucleolus and Chromosomes Sources of Chemical Energy in the Nucleus 80 Proteins and Protein Synthesis in the Nucleus 82 Nuclear Enzymes 83 

The Chemistry of the Chromosome 88 Chromosomal Proteins 88 Protamines Histones 

DNA Content per Nucleus 93 DNA and Mutagens 94 Bacterial Transformation 94 Bacteriophages 96 

The Chemistry of the DNA Molecule 97 The Watson-Crick Model of DNA 99 DNA Replication 100 Semiconservative Replication Enzymic Mechanism of Replication Problems of the Replication Model 

DNA and Chromosome Structure 104 Chromosome Ultrastructure 104 The Mitotic Apparatus 105 

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Herschman, H.R. (1989). Extracellular signals, transcriptional responses and cellular specificity. Trends Biochem. Sci, 14, 455—458. 

Microspheres and nanoparticles often consist of biocompatible polymers and belong either to the soluble or the particle type carriers. Besides the aforementioned HPMA polymeric backbone, carriers have also been prepared using dextrans, ficoll, sepharose or poly-L-lysine as the main carrier body. More recently alginate nanoparticles have been described for the targeting of antisense oligonucleotides [28]. As with other polymeric carrier systems, the backbone can be modified with e.g. sugar molecules or antibody fragments to introduce cellular specificity. 

Auricchio, A. et al. (2001). Exchange of surface proteins impacts on viral vector cellular specificity and transduction characteristics The retina as a model. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10(26), 3075-3081. 

The initial event in the pathogenesis of most bacterial infections is the attachment of the bacteria to the mucosal surface. This probably occurs by a receptor mechanism that exhibits a high degree of cellular specificity. Capsular polysaccharides have not been implicated in this... 

Boutaud O, Aronoff DM, Richardson JH, Marnett LJ, Oates JA. Determinants of the cellular specificity of acetaminophen as an inhibitor of prostaglandin H(2) synthases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002 99 7130-7135. 

Cornett, D.S. et al., A novel histology directed strategy for MALDI-MS tissue profiling that improves throughput and cellular specificity in human breast cancer, Mol. Cell. Proteomics, 5(10), 1975, 2006. 

Beaudry, G., Langlois, M.C., Weppe, I., Rouillard, C. and Levesque, D. (2000) Contrasting patterns and cellular specificity of transcriptional regulation of the nuclear receptor nerve growth factor-inducible B by haloperidol and clozapine in the rat forebrain. Journal of Neurochemistry, 75, 1694-1702. 

Using FITC-labeled acetal-PEG-SOD and lac-PEG-SOD conjugates thus synthesized, cellular-specific uptake was evaluated by flow cytometry. For in vitro evaluation, HL-60... 

CELLULAR SPECIFICITY FOR THE EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE AND NGF IN THE BRAIN... 

Florindo, H. R, S. Pandit, L. M. D. Goncalves, H. O. Alpar, and A. J. Ahneida. 2008. Streptococcus equi antigens adsorbed onto surface modified poly-epsilon-caprolactone microspheres induce humoral and cellular specific immune responses. Vaccine 26 (33) 4168-4177. 

Thus, there are many similarities between mitochondrial and bacterial DNA polymerase. However, the mitochondrial polymerase does not exhibit 5 -exonu-cleolytic effects, and no hairpin structures are formed in the process of replication. As for replication in vivo, the template strand is displaced ahead of the growing point in the first stage of replication (see chapter on cellular specificity). 

The first section of this book describes those pathways generating the chemical energy necessary for cell function. The following section describes the biosynthetic pathways involved in determining cellular specificity. The determination of cellular specificity primarily involves two major cellular structures—the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum, and three major biosynthetic pathways—DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis. Specialized pathways that are more relevant to the understanding of a given disease, for example, an inborn error of metabolism or a nutritional deficiency, are reviewed in other chapters. 

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