Cellular organization, diagram

Figure 11.1 shows different kinds of decisions important to preclinical research. Clearly, IT and simulation support are completely accepted at the lowest level of this diagram as ways of predicting molecular, cellular, organ, animal, or human properties, interactions, and responses (covered elsewhere in this volume). Therefore, scientists moving into leadership roles will very often be familiar with the strengths and weaknesses of such methods. 

Pathway Tools Omics Viewer EcoCyc—SRI International Paints data values from the user s high-throughput and other experiments onto the cellular overview diagram for an organism (http //biocyc.org/ expression.html)... 

Figure 23. Schematic diagrams of the SECM experiments with cellular organisms, (a) Bimolecular ET between a hydrophobic redox mediator (O/R) and intracellular redox species (Ocen/ Rceii) in a mammalian cell, (b) the ET between a redox mediator and redox centers (RC) inside a prokaryotic cell (e.g., of Rb. Sphaeroides).

A cellular overview diagram was computed for each organism. 

In this chapter we intend to describe briefly the structure and the main biochemical functions of the individual cellular components and to point out some principles of regulation. Knowledge of the individual reaction sequences and cycles (respiratory chain, glycolysis, citrate cycle, etc.) is a prerequisite. When in doubt, refer to the fold-out chart at the back of the book. A schematic diagram of cellular organization is presented in Fig. 47. 

Fig. 2. An evolution diagram illustrating a suggestion of common ancestry of some present-day organisms. The essential features of present-day photosynthesis may have originated in the prebiotic era and is preserved in its most primitive form in (at least some) present-day phototrophs. The heterotrophs may have developed parallel with the aerobic nonphotosynthetic bacteria, some l to 1.5 x 109 years after the emergence of the cyanobacteria. The eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms developed much later, perhaps some 1.5 to 0.5 x 109 years ago. The archaebacteria are primitive organisms that seem to have no evolutionary relation with the present prokaryotes.21 Little is known about their energy metabolism. Tentatively, they are considered as a very early form of cellular life.

Fig. 9.1 Cell-quota theory for control of photo-autotroph growth by internal nitrogen or phosphorus. Q is the cell quota for the nutrient, in atoms of the element per atom of organic carbon. kfj is the minimum value, or subsistence quota. /////1IU1X gives growth as a proportion of maximum rate. The function 10) multiplies nutrient uptake (which is also a function of ambient concentration) and brings it towards zero as Q tends towards (i llax. The third part of the diagram compares typical ranges of values of cellular N and P content and show how these contribute to variation in the cell N P ratio.

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