Cell death mode

Plaetzer K, Kiesslich T, Krammer B, et al. Characterization of the cell death modes and the associated changes in cellular energy supply in response to AIPcS4-PDT. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002 I (3) 172-177. 

Modes of Cell Death Apoptosis, Autophagy and Necrosis... 

As an example, acetaminophen (APAP) in overdose has been used by several groups to identify hepatotoxicity biomarkers in mice. APAP-induced hepatotoxicity is characterized by hepatic centrilobular necrosis and hepatitis. APAP biotransformation by Phase I enzymes leads to the formation of the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone (NAPQI), which can deplete glutathione and form adducts with hepatic proteins (see Section 15.2). Protein adduction primes the hepatocytes for cytokines released by activated macrophages (Kupffer cells) and/or destructive insults by reactive nitrogen species. Although necrosis is recognized as the mode of cell death in APAP overdose, the precise mechanisms are still being elucidated [152]. 

The main differences between necrosis and apoptosis are in the triggers (accidental v. physiological), the process (energy-independent vs. dependent), and the outcomes (with vs. without inflammation). However, apoptosis and/or necrosis can be induced by the same causes in some cases (K16). Alteration of mitochondrial permeability is involved in both apoptosis and necrosis (K16). Both apoptosis and necrosis are found in conditions such as stroke and myocardial infraction (F5), and necrosis can occur secondary to apoptosis (T4). To preserve the usefulness of the two terms for denoting different modes of cell death while still recognizing possible overlap of the two processes (H7), some more descriptive terms have been proposed primary necrosis (oncosis, ischemic cell death) (Ml) and secondary necrosis (apoptotic necrosis, necrosis secondary to apoptosis) (K15). 

H7. Hirsch, T., Marchetti, R, Susin, S. A., Dallaporta, B., Zamzami, N., Marzo, L, Geuskens, M., and Kroemer, G., The apoptosis-necrosis paradox. Apoptogenic proteases activated after mitochondrial permeability transition determine the mode of cell death. Oncogene 15, 1573-1581 (1997). 

Raffray M, Cohen GM. Apoptosis and necrosis in toxicology a continuum or distinct modes of cell death Pharmacol Ther 1997 75 153-177. 

In some cells, dmg treatment and other stimuli can trigger a series of complex cytoplasmic biochemical reactions that appear to constitute a cellular suicide program, culminating in the degradation and compaction of chromatin. This programmed mode of cell death is known as apoptosis, and in nomral cellular conditions, it plays a considerable role in the early development of homeostasis of adult tissues. Apoptosis or literally programmed cell death, is so far known to be triggered by three major stimuli cell surface receptors such as FAS, mitochondrial response to stress, and cytotoxic T-cells. 

Ikeda H, Suzuki Y, Suzuki M, Koike M, Tamura J, Tong J, Nomura M, Itoh G (1998) Apoptosis is a major mode of cell death caused by ischaemia and ischaemia/reperfusion injury to the rat intestinal epithelium. Gut 42(4) 530-537... 

Another effector function/mode of action of mAbs is the so-called complement-dependent cytotoxicity or complement-mediated cell death . Activation of the complement system can lead to lysis of the antigen-presenting cell, or can induce inflammation reactions aimed at eliminating these cells efficiently. The successive steps of the complement activation can be summarized in a simplified way [9] ... 

Mechanisms of photodynamic effect and modes of cell death in photodynamic treatment... 

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