Catalytic solvent hydrogen content

In this work, various Ru-BINAP catalysts immobilized on the phosphotungstic acid(PTA) modified alumina were prepared and the effects of the reaction variables (temperature, H2 pressure, solvent and content of triethylamine) on the catalytic performance of the prepared catalysts were investigated in the asymmetric hydrogenation of dimethyl itaconate (DMIT). 

This chapter reports results of applying a catalytic hydrorefining process to four coal liquids solvent-refined coal (SRC) process filter feed, SRC extract product, Synthoil, and H-Coal process hydroclone underflow. The achieved upgrading is evaluated in terms of reduction in benzene and heptane insolubles, reduction in sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen, an increase in hydrogen content, and a yield of lower boiling products. 

It is possible to produce some liquid hydrocarbons from most coals during conversion (pyrolysis and hydrogenation/ catalytic and via solvent refining)/ but the yield and hydrogen consumption required to achieve this yield can vary widely from coal to coal. The weight of data in the literature indicate that the liquid hydrocarbons are derived from the so-called reactive maceralS/ i.e. the vitrinites and exinites present (7 8 1 9). Thusf for coals of the same rank the yield of liquids during conversion would be expected to vary with the vitrinite plus exinite contents. This leads to the general question of effect of rank on the response of a vitrinite and on the yield of liquid products and/ in the context of Australian bituminous coals, where semi-fusinite is usually abundant/ of the role of this maceral in conversion. 

Thus, batadiaie is first recovered from steam cradced C4 cuts by solvent extraction, an operation that is sometimes facilitated by preliminary selective hydrogenation of the acetylenic compounds. In a number of applications, the raffinate itsdf must undergo similar treatment to rid it of residual dioiefins. The initial cut, after being debutadienized by hydrogenation, can also serve the same purpose. This also applies to catalytic cracker eflluents that are very often directly upgradable, but whose albeit low butadiene content may justify hydrogenation pretreatment for certain uses. 

Catalytic performance of the prepared sulfides was evaluated in an autoclave with a model reaction mbcture of FCC gasoline under hydrogen pressure. The reaction mixture consisted of 3-methylthiophene (Fluka, > 98%), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (Fluka, > 97%) and -heptane (Fluka, > 99%, HPLC grade) as a solvent, leading to a 1000 ppm total sulfur and 10 wt% olefin contents. Fresh catalyst was introduced under Ar flow into the reactor, which was also previously purged by Ar flow to prevent any air contact of the catalysts. The reaction was... 

New technology developed continuous operations so that plants became much larger and could make more consistent quality products at lower cost. These new process methods were based on the use of solvents continuous selective solvent extraction for aromatic removal was the process which replaced acid treatment and continuous solvent de-waxing replaced the very labour-intensive cold-pressing technique. Technology has developed further in the last 40 years. Catalytic hydrogenation processes have become the normal method for finishing base oils and a more severe form is used as an alternative to solvent extraction to control aromatics content. 

Pd-hexadecylammonium montmorillonite (Pd-HDAM) catalysts have been prepared by a novel synthetic route. Sample characterization including XRD and TEM measurements confirmed the existence of interlayer Pd nanocrystallites which occupy clay particle defect sites. The catalytic activities of Pd-HDAM samples were tested by hydrogenation of 1-octene and styrene in the liquid phase. The reaction of styrene was found to be less dependent on the dispersion of Pd than that of 1-octene. The highest activities were observed for samples of low and medium Pd content. The application of various solvents made it pos le to establish a correlation between the activities and the basal spacings dL of Pd-HDAM samples. When the value of dL exceeded 3 ran, interlamellar active sites became more accessible for reactants. 

The combination of a good catalyst with a preferred solvent for the desired organic reaction can benefit the reaction system. Several solvents were used to study the effects of solvent on reaction rates and product selectivity on the newly-developed low palladium content catalyst. For N-phenylbenzylamine debenzylation, higher hydrogenation activity was obtained by employing methanol as a solvent. THF (tetrahydrofuran), and cyclohexane were found to be less effective. Studer and Blaser [7] studied the solvent effects on catalytic debenzylation of 4-chloro-N,N-dibenzyl anihne and foimd that the overall reaction rate was slower with the use of non-polar solvents. 

The use of Sj-oia-diphenyl-Z-pyrrolidininethaiiol as a chiral modifier in asymmetric heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate and isophorone is reported. Various solvents have been screened. The effect of modifier s concentration is described. The changes in optical yield of the saturated ketone as functions of the water content of the solvent has also been investigated. 

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