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Catalysts petrochemical industry

Volume 100 Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries 1995. [Pg.266]

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries, Kuwait, April 22-26,1995 edited by M. Absi-Halabi, J. Beshara, H. Qabazard and A. Stanislaus Volume 101 11th International Congress on Catalysis-40th Anniversary. [Pg.266]

By-product HCl from the heavy organic-chemicals industry (p, 798) now accounts for over 90% of the HCl produced in the USA, Where such petrochemical industries are less extensive this source of HCl becomes correspondingly smaller. The crude HCl so produced may be contaminated with unreacted CI2, organics, chloro-organics or entrained solids (catalyst supports, etc,), all of which must be removed. [Pg.811]

In 1826 J. J. Berzelius found that acidification of solutions containing both molybdate and phosphate produced a yellow crystalline precipitate. This was the first example of a heteropolyanion and it actually contains the phos-phomolybdate ion, [PMoi204o] , which can be used in the quantitative estimation of phosphate. Since its discovery a host of other heteropolyanions have been prepared, mostly with molybdenum and tungsten but with more than 50 different heteroatoms, which include many non-metals and most transition metals — often in more than one oxidation state. Unless the heteroatom contributes to the colour, the heteropoly-molybdates and -tungstates are generally of varying shades of yellow. The free acids and the salts of small cations are extremely soluble in water but the salts of large cations such as Cs, Ba" and Pb" are usually insoluble. The solid salts are noticeably more stable thermally than are the salts of isopolyanions. Heteropoly compounds have been applied extensively as catalysts in the petrochemicals industry, as precipitants for numerous dyes with which they form lakes and, in the case of the Mo compounds, as flame retardants. [Pg.1014]

Production of TPA is much more complex than that of napalm, limiting it to those nations with an advanced petrochemical industry. Because of the reactivity with air, production is usually carried out in an inert atm of nitrogen or helium. Polymerization of isobutylene is also a complex process, requiring catalysts such as Al, Ti or Mo... [Pg.980]

In 1950 the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was banned in Germany by the allied forces. Sinarol, a high paraffinic kerosene fraction sold by Shell, was used as a substitute. This ban coincided with the rapid development of the European petrochemical industry, and in due time Fischer-Tropsch synthesis applied to the production of paraffins became uneconomic anyway. After the war there was a steady worldwide increase in the demand for surfactants. In order to continually meet the demand for synthetic detergents, the industry was compelled to find a substitute for /z-paraffin. This was achieved by the oligomerization of the propene part of raffinate gases with phosphoric acid catalyst at 200°C and about 20 bars pressure to produce tetrapropene. Tetrapropene was inexpensive, comprising a defined C cut and an olefinic double bond. Instead of the Lewis acid, aluminum chloride, hydrofluoric acid could now be used as a considerably milder, more economical, and easier-to-handle alkylation catalyst [4],... [Pg.42]

Why Do We Need to Know This Material The d-block metals are the workhorse elements of the periodic table. Iron and copper helped civilization rise from the Stone Age and are still our most important industrial metals. Other members of the block include the metals of new technologies, such as titanium for the aerospace industry and vanadium for catalysts in the petrochemical industry. The precious metals—silver, platinum, and gold—are prized as much for their appearance, rarity, and durability as for their usefulness. Compounds of d-block metals give color to paint, turn sunlight into electricity, serve as powerful oxidizing agents, and form the basis of some cancer treatments. [Pg.776]

Y zeolites synthesized from pure chemicals have now been used as the main composition of FCC catalysts [1-4]. However, the application of Y zeolites synthesized from kaolin in the catalytic processes is still limited. The refinery and petrochemical industry is being built in Vietnam, so the synthesis of Y zeolites from domestic materials and minerals is necessary [4]. In this paper, the initial results in the synfliesis of Y zeolites with Si02/Al203 ratio of 4.5 fiom kaolin taken in Yen Bai-Vietnam and their catalytic activity for the cracking of n-heptane are reported. [Pg.197]

Terephthalic acid (p-TA or TA), a raw material for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) production, is one of the most important chemicals in petrochemical industry. Crude terephthalic acid (CTA), commonly produced by homogeneous liquid phase p-xylene oxidation, contains impurities such as 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (4-CBA, 2000-5000 ppm) and several colored polyaromatics that should be removed to obtain purified terephthalic acid (PTA). PTA is manufactured by hydropurification of CTA over carbon supported palladium catalyst (Pd/C) in current industry [1]. [Pg.293]

Zeolites based on silicon and aluminium are acidic catalysts and are extremely thermally stable. This makes them ideal for use in the petrochemical industry, where some of the largest scale and most high energy transformations are carried out. These transformations are carried out in... [Pg.61]

In heterogeneous catalysis, solids catalyze reactions of molecules in gas or solution. As solids - unless they are porous - are commonly impenetrable, catalytic reactions occur at the surface. To use the often expensive materials (e.g. platinum) in an economical way, catalysts are usually nanometer-sized particles, supported on an inert, porous structure (see Fig. 1.4). Heterogeneous catalysts are the workhorses of the chemical and petrochemical industry and we will discuss many applications of heterogeneous catalysis throughout this book. [Pg.7]

Fetzer, J. C., The Production of Large Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Catalytic Hydrocracking, in Catalysts in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Industries, 1996. Kuwait, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, Elsevier. 100 pp. 263-271. [Pg.62]

CP [Continuous polymerization] A continuous process for making high-density polyethylene, based on the Ziegler process but using a much more active catalyst so that de-ashing (catalyst removal) is not required. Developed by Mitsui Petrochemical Industries and upgraded into its CX process, which was first licensed in 1976. [Pg.73]

Spheripol A process for making polypropylene and propylene co-polymers. Homopolymerization is conducted in the liquid phase in a loop tubular reactor co-polymerization is conducted in the gas phase in a fluidized-bed reactor. The catalyst is treated with a special silane. The product is in the form of beads of up to 5 mm in diameter. Developed by Montecatini, Italy, and first licensed by Himont, United States, and Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Japan. In 1989, 29 licenses had been granted worldwide. Now offered for license by Montell, a joint venture between Montedison and Shell. See also Addipol. [Pg.252]

As an example, when automotive catalytic mufflers and converters were introduced many years ago, the automobile industry required the petrochemical industry to eliminate lead from gasoline since lead degraded and reduced the effectiveness of the catalyst and caused the destruction of the gasoline. One set of industrial compounds that can harm catalysts are halogens, a family of compounds that include chlorine, bromine, iodine, and fluorine. Bromine, while not prevalent in industry, is present in chemical plants. Freons are fluorine compounds. Silicone is another compound that is deleterious to catalysts. It is used as a slip agent, or a lubricant, in many industrial processes. Phosphorous, heavy metals (zinc, lead), sulfur compounds, and any particulate can result in shortening the life of the catalyst. It is necessary to estimate the volume or the amount of each of those contaminants, to assess the viability of catalytic technologies for the application. [Pg.250]

Zeolites are the main catalyst in the petrochemical industry. The importance of these aluminosilicates is due to their capacity to promote many important reactions. By analogy with superacid media (1), carbocations are believed to be key intermediates in these reactions. However, simple carbocationic species are seldom observed on the zeolite surface as persistent intermediates within the time-scale of spectroscopic techniques. Indeed, only some conjugated cyclic carbocations were observed as long living species, but covalent intermediates, namely alkyl-aluminumsilyl oxonium ions (2) (scheme 1), where the organic moiety is bonded to the zeolite structure, are usually thermodynamically more stable than the free carbocations (3,4). [Pg.268]

Disposal of solid wastes is a significant problem for the petrochemical industry. Waste solids include water treatment sludge, ashes, fly ash and incinerator residue, plastics, ferrous and nonferrous metals, catalysts, organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, filter cakes, and viscous solids. [Pg.80]

Since zeolite catalysts are successfully introduced in the refining and petrochemical industries, it is not surprising that most of the recent advances concern incremental improvements of existing processes with the development of new generations of catalysts (e.g., dewaxing, ethylbenzene and cumene synthesis). The number of newer applications is much more limited, for example, direct synthesis of phenol from benzene and aromatization of short-chain alkanes, etc. However, both the improvement and development of processes contribute significantly to environmental advances. [Pg.248]


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Heterogeneous catalysts petrochemical industry

Industrial catalysts

Industry catalyst

Petrochemical catalysts

Petrochemical industry

Petrochemicals

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